Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/terh₂-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/terh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*terh₂-^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

to cross over, pass through, overcome

Alternative reconstructions

*ter-^[1]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *terh₂- (95 c, 0 e)

*térh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)^[2]^[3]^[7]^[8]^[9]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒋻𒊏𒀜𒋫 (tar-ra-at-ta /⁠tarratta⁠/, 3sg.pres.med.)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárHati (see there for further descendants)

*térh₂-t ~ *tr̥h₂-ént (athematic root aorist)

*térh₂-u-ti ~ *tr̥h₂-w-enti (u-present)

*tḗrh₂-s-t ~ *térh₂-s-n̥t (s-aorist)^[9]^[10]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HátārHst ~ *HátārHsat
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HátārHst ~ *HátārHsat
    - Sanskrit: अतारीत् (átārīt, 3sg.act.), तारिषत् (tāriṣat, 3sg.subj.act.)

*te-tórh₂-e ~ *te-tr̥h₂-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: ततार (tatā́ra, 3sg.), तितिरुर् (titirúr, 3pl.)

*tí-terh₂-ti ~ *tí-tr̥h₂-n̥ti (i-reduplicated athematic root present)^[2]^[10]^[3]^[7]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *títarHti (see there for further descendants)

*tí-tr̥h₂-s-eti (se-desiderative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: तूतूर्षति (tū́tūrṣati), तितीर्षति (titīrṣati)

*tr̥h₂-éye-ti^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: तुरयन्ते (turayante, 3pl.ind.med.)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Old Persian: *tarayati
      - ⇒ Old Persian: 𐎻𐎡𐎹𐎫𐎼/𐎹𐎶 (vi-i-y-t-r/y-m /⁠viyatarayam⁠/, 1sg.caus.impf.act.)

*tr̥h₂-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)^[3]^[7]^[11]^[12]^[6]
- Proto-Celtic: *taryeti (“to burst, spring forth”) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Vedic Sanskrit: तूर्य (tūrya, “to conquer”, 2sg.impv.)
- >? Proto-Italic: *trō
  - Latin: *trō
    - ⇒ Latin: intrō (“to enter, go into, penetrate”) (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *tr-n̥-h₂-énti (nasal infix)^[13]^[7]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒋻𒈾𒄿 (tar-na-i /⁠tarnai⁠/)

>? *néḱ-t(e)rh₂-s ~ *neḱ-tr̥h₂-és (+ *neḱ- (“to perish”))^[14]
- Proto-Hellenic: *néktər
  - Ancient Greek: νέκταρ (néktar)

*térh₂-ih₂
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárHiH
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárHiH
    - Sanskrit: तरी (tarī, “boat”)

*térh₂-mn̥ ~ *tr̥h₂-mén-s^[1]
- Proto-Hellenic: *térəmə
  - Ancient Greek: *τέραμα (*térama)^[15]
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἀτέραμνος (atéramnos, “hard, stubborn, merciless”)

*térh₂-tu-s ~ *tr̥h₂-téw-s^[16]^[17]
- Proto-Celtic: *trātu (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárHtuš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárHtuṣ
    - Sanskrit: *तरीतु (*tárītu)
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: दुष्तरीतु (duṣtárītu, “difficult to be passed or overcome”) (+ दुस्- (dus-, “difficult”))

*tr̥h₂-és

*tr̥h₂-kʷe or *tr̥h₂-h₃kʷ-
- Proto-Germanic: *þurhw (“through”) (see there for further descendants)

*tr̥h₂-nó-s^[4]^[10]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥Hnás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥Hnás
    - Sanskrit: तीर्ण (tīrṇá)

*tr̥h₂-th₂ó-s^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥Htʰám
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tr̥Htʰám
    - Sanskrit: तीर्थ (tīrthá) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Sanskrit: तार (tāra)
>? Proto-Albanian: *tra
- Proto-Albanian: *tratja^[18] (+ *-atja)
  - Albanian: tras (“to pull”) (or borrowed from Romanian tras)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: तॄ (tṝ)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Pokorny, Julius (1959), “4. ter-, terə-:tr̥̄-, trā-, teru-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1074-1075
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*terh₂-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 633-634
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2026), “*terh₂-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[1]
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015), The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 276: “*terh₂-”
^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), “*terh₂-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 289
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “terh₂-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 229: “*terh₂ti; *treh₂i̯e/o-”
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þerhwe ~ *þurhwe”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 538-539
^ Elbourne, Paul (2000), “Plain Voiceless Stop plus Laryngeal in Indo-European”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics, volume 113, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →JSTOR, page 13: “*térH₂-e-ti”
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Malzahn, Melanie (2016), “Tudáti-presents and the tēzzi Principle”, in Sahasram Ati Srajas. Indo-Iranian and Indo-European Studies in Honor of Stephanie W. Jamison‎^[3], Ann Arbor; New York: Beech Stave Press, page 227: “*tērh₂-/*trēh₂-; *térh₂-ti/*tr̥h₂-énti”
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Kulikov, Leonid (2017), “Part 4 Chapter 2: Indo-Aryan”, in Kapović, Mate, editor, The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 224: “*-tr̥h₂-e-; *e-tērh₂-s-; *-tr̥h₂-no-”
^ Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004), Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Meid, →ISBN, page 620: “*tar-i̯e/o-”
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 95: “'tr̥H₂-yᵉ/ₒ-”
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “tar¹ (tur) {1”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University}
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “νέκταρ, -αρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1004-1005: “*neḱ-trh₂-os”
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “άτέραμνος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 162: “*τέραμα”
^ Zair, Nicholas (2012), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 82: “*treh₂-tu-”
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page *trātu-
^ Orel, Vladimir (2000), A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian, Leiden; Boston; Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 192: “*t(e)ratja”

[IEW-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Pokorny, Julius (1959), “4. ter-, terə-:tr̥̄-, trā-, teru-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1074-1075

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*terh₂-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 633-634

[Kummel-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2026), “*terh₂-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[1]

[Byrd-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015), The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 276: “*terh₂-”

[5] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), “*terh₂-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 289

[EIEC-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “terh₂-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 229: “*terh₂ti; *treh₂i̯e/o-”

[EDPG-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þerhwe ~ *þurhwe”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 538-539

[8] Elbourne, Paul (2000), “Plain Voiceless Stop plus Laryngeal in Indo-European”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics, volume 113, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →JSTOR, page 13: “*térH₂-e-ti”

[Malzahn-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Malzahn, Melanie (2016), “Tudáti-presents and the tēzzi Principle”, in Sahasram Ati Srajas. Indo-Iranian and Indo-European Studies in Honor of Stephanie W. Jamison‎^[3], Ann Arbor; New York: Beech Stave Press, page 227: “*tērh₂-/*trēh₂-; *térh₂-ti/*tr̥h₂-énti”

[IEL-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Kulikov, Leonid (2017), “Part 4 Chapter 2: Indo-Aryan”, in Kapović, Mate, editor, The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 224: “*-tr̥h₂-e-; *e-tērh₂-s-; *-tr̥h₂-no-”

[KPV-11] Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004), Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Meid, →ISBN, page 620: “*tar-i̯e/o-”

[12] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 95: “'tr̥H₂-yᵉ/ₒ-”

[13] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “tar¹ (tur) {1”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University}

[14] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “νέκταρ, -αρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1004-1005: “*neḱ-trh₂-os”

[15] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “άτέραμνος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 162: “*τέραμα”

[16] Zair, Nicholas (2012), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 82: “*treh₂-tu-”

[EDPC_trātu-17] Matasović, Ranko (2009), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page *trātu-

[18] Orel, Vladimir (2000), A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian, Leiden; Boston; Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 192: “*t(e)ratja”

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