Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/garmáh

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰarmás (“heat”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰor-mós, from *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”) +‎ *-mós.

Noun

*garmáh m

1. heat, warmth

Inflection

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*garmáh	*garmā́(w)	*garmā́h(ah)
vocative	*gárma	*gármā(w)	*gármāh(ah)
accusative	*garmám	*garmā́(w)	*garmā́nh
instrumental	*garmáH	*garmáybʰyā(m)	*garmā́yš
ablative	*garmā́t	*garmáybʰyā(m)	*garmáybʰyah
dative	*garmā́y	*garmáybʰyā(m)	*garmáybʰyah
genitive	*garmáhya	*garmáyāh	*garmā́naHam
locative	*garmáy	*garmáyaw	*garmáyšu

Descendants

• Central Iranian:
  • Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (gar^əma, “hot; warmth”)
• Northeastern Iranian:
  • Proto-Scythian:
    • Proto-Saka-Wakhi:
      • Khotanese: [script needed] (garma-)
    • Proto-Sarmatian:
      • Ossetian: хъарм (qarm)
  • Sogdo-Bactrian:
    • Khwarezmian: 𐾳𐿂𐾽 (ɣrm)
    • Proto-Sogdic:
      • Sogdian: /γarm/

        Sogdian script: 𐼲𐽀𐼺 (ɣrm)

        Manichaean script: 𐫄𐫡𐫖 (ɣrm)

      • Yaghnobi: [script needed] (γarm)
• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Baluchi: گرم (garm)
  • Kurdish:

    Northern Kurdish: germ

    Central Kurdish: گەرم (germ)

• Southwestern Iranian:
  • Old Persian:
    • Middle Persian:

      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (glm /⁠garm⁠/, “warm”)

      Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (grm)

      • Classical Persian: گَرْم (garm, “warm”) (see there for further descendants)

        Dari: گَرْم (garm)

        Iranian Persian: گَرْم (garm)

        Tajik: гарм (garm)

    • ⇒ Old Persian: 𐎥𐎼𐎶𐎱𐎭 (g-r-m-p-d /⁠garmapada⁠/, “name of the fourth month of the Old Persian calendar”)