Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/mádu

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *mádʰu, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰu.

Noun

*mádu n^[1]

honey
wine

Inflection

neuter u-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*mádu	*mádwiH	*máduH
vocative	*mádu	*mádwiH	*máduH
accusative	*mádu	*mádwiH	*máduH
instrumental	*máduH	*mádubʰyā(m)	*mádubʰiš
ablative	*mádwah	*mádubʰyā(m)	*mádubʰyah
dative	*mádaway	*mádubʰyā(m)	*mádubʰyah
genitive	*mádwah	*máduwāh	*máduHnaHam
locative	*mádāw	*máduwaw	*mádušu

Derived terms

*mādawyaH (possibly)^[2]^[3]
- Pashto:
  Waziri: مېلوه (melawá), ملوه (malwá, “vine, grape”)

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬜𐬎 (maδu, “wine”)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian: *maδu
  - Khotanese: [script needed] (mau, “intoxicent drink”)
  - Proto-Sarmatian: *mauδ
    - Alanic: *mud^[4]
      - Ossetian: (“honey”)
        Digor Ossetian: муд (mud)
        
        Iron Ossetian: мыд (myd)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Bactrian: μολο (molo /⁠mol, mul⁠/, “wine”)
  - Sogdian: (“wine”)
    Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫔𐫇 (mδw /⁠maδu⁠/)
    
    Sogdian script: 𐼺𐼹𐼴 (mδw /⁠maδu⁠/), 𐼺𐼴𐼹 (mwδ /⁠muδ⁠/), 𐼲𐼰𐼺𐽀𐼳 (ΓʾMRH)
    
    Old Sogdian script: 𐼍𐼌𐼇 (mδw /⁠maδu⁠/)
    
    Syriac script: ܡܕܘ (mdw)
    - → Classical Persian: مل (mul, “wine”) (reborrowing^[5]^[3])
    - ⇒ Sogdian:
      Sogdian script: 𐼺𐼹𐼰𐼸 (mδʾk /⁠maδē⁠/)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: mot, motî, motik (“grape syrup”)
- Proto-Medo-Parthian:
  - Proto-Tatic:
    - Talysh: (/⁠mad⁠/, “wine”)
      Arabic script: مد
      
      Latin script: məd
    - Old Tati: *maδ, *mad (“syrup; wine”)^[6]
      - Harzani: مت (mat, “thick syrup; molasses”)
      - Karingani: مات (māt, “syrup”)
      - ⇒? Old Tati: *maδāw (“grape syrup-water”) (+ *āw (“water”))^[6]
        → Azerbaijani: مذو (maδow, “grape syrup with water”) (Urmia dialect)
  - Parthian:
    Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫏 (my /⁠may⁠/)
    
    Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭇𐭌𐭓 (ḤMR /⁠maδ⁠/)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: *madu
  - Middle Persian: (/⁠may⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫖𐫏 (my)
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (HS), [Book Pahlavi needed] (mdy)
    Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭧𐭮 (HS)
    - Classical Persian: می (may, “wine”)
      - Dari: می (may)
      - Iranian Persian: می (mey)
      - Tajik: май (may)
      - → Azerbaijani:
        Arabic script: مئی (mey)
        Latin script: mey
      - Kurdish:
        → Central Kurdish: مەی (mey)
        → Northern Kurdish: mey
      - → Pashto: می (may)
      - → Ottoman Turkish: می (may),
        Turkish: mey
      - → Urdu: مے (mai)
      - → Uzbek: may

References

^ Thordarson, Fridrik (1989), Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor, Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, § 4.2.5 Ossetic, page 460
^ Morgenstierne, Georg (1927), An Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Skrifter utgitt av det Norske Videnskapsakademi i Oslo; 3), Oslo: J. Dybwad, page 44
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Bailey, H. W. (1979), “mau”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 340
^ Kim, Ronald I. (2007), “Two problems of Ossetic nominal morphology”, in Journal of Indo-European Studies and Historical Linguistics‎^[1], volume 112, →DOI, →ISSN, page 48
^ Gharib, B. (1995), “Proto-Iranian/mádu”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page xxxv
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Zakâ, Yahyâ (2018), Jastâr-hâ'i darbâre-ye zabân-e mardom-e Âzarbâyjân [Essays on the language of the Azerbaijani people] (Majmu'ah-i intešârât adabi va târixi, mawqufât-i Duktur Mahmud Afšâr Yazdi; 64), Tehran: Intishârât-i Duktur Mahmud Afšâr, →ISBN, page 154

[1] Thordarson, Fridrik (1989), Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor, Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, § 4.2.5 Ossetic, page 460

[2] Morgenstierne, Georg (1927), An Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Skrifter utgitt av det Norske Videnskapsakademi i Oslo; 3), Oslo: J. Dybwad, page 44

[Bailey-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Bailey, H. W. (1979), “mau”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 340

[4] Kim, Ronald I. (2007), “Two problems of Ossetic nominal morphology”, in Journal of Indo-European Studies and Historical Linguistics‎^[1], volume 112, →DOI, →ISSN, page 48

[5] Gharib, B. (1995), “Proto-Iranian/mádu”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page xxxv

[Zaka-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Zakâ, Yahyâ (2018), Jastâr-hâ'i darbâre-ye zabân-e mardom-e Âzarbâyjân [Essays on the language of the Azerbaijani people] (Majmu'ah-i intešârât adabi va târixi, mawqufât-i Duktur Mahmud Afšâr Yazdi; 64), Tehran: Intishârât-i Duktur Mahmud Afšâr, →ISBN, page 154

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