Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/wŕ̥kah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *wŕ̥kas, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos. Cognate with Sanskrit वृक (vṛ́ka).

Noun

*wŕ̥kah m

wolf

Inflection

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wŕ̥kah	*wŕ̥kā(w)	*wŕ̥kāh(ah)
vocative	*wŕ̥ka	*wŕ̥kā(w)	*wŕ̥kāh(ah)
accusative	*wŕ̥kam	*wŕ̥kā(w)	*wŕ̥kānh
instrumental	*wŕ̥kaH	*wŕ̥kaybʰyā(m)	*wŕ̥kāyš
ablative	*wŕ̥kāt	*wŕ̥kaybʰyā(m)	*wŕ̥kaybʰyah
dative	*wŕ̥kāy	*wŕ̥kaybʰyā(m)	*wŕ̥kaybʰyah
genitive	*wŕ̥kahya	*wŕ̥kayāh	*wŕ̥kānaHam
locative	*wŕ̥kay	*wŕ̥kayaw	*wŕ̥kayšu

Derived terms

*Wŕ̥kānah (“mythical founder of Narts”)
- Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬵𐬭𐬐𐬁𐬥𐬀 (vəhrkāna)
- Ossetian: Уӕрхӕг (Wærxæg)
- Parthian: 𐭅𐭓𐭊𐭍 (wrkn /⁠Wurgān⁠/)
- Old Persian: 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 (v-r-k-a-n /⁠Varkāna⁠/)
  - Middle Persian: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢𐭠𐭭 (gʿlgʾn /⁠Gurgān⁠/)
    - Persian: گرگان (gorgân)
- → Ancient Greek: Ὑρκανία (Hurkanía) (see there for further descendants)
- → Old Armenian: Վրկան (Vrkan)

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬵𐬭𐬐𐬀 (vəhrka)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Khotanese: 𐨦𐨁𐨪𐨿𐨒𐨿𐨒 (birgga-)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Khwarezmian: وریک (wry̆k /urg/)
  - Proto-Sogdic:
    - Sogdian: (/⁠wirk, wərk⁠/)
      Sogdian script: 𐼴𐼷𐽀𐼸 (wyrk)
      
      Syriac script: ܘܝܪܩ (wyrq)
    - Yaghnobi: урк (urk)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Pashto: لېوه (lewə́), لیوه (lēwə́) (*wr̥kah > *wr̥a >*r̥wa >*l̥wa)
- Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi:
  - Ishkashimi: [script needed] (urk)
  - Sanglechi: [script needed] (wurk)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji:
  - Yidgha: ورغ (wurγ)
  - Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *wərḱ
    - Shughni: в̌ӯрҷ (wūrǰ)
    - Yazghulami: в̌арѓ (warǵ)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: گرک (gurk), گورک (gwark)
- Kurdish:
  Central Kurdish: گورگ (gurg), وورگ (wurg)
  
  Laki: گوِرگ (gwirg)
  
  Northern Kurdish: gur, gurg, wirg
  
  Southern Kurdish: گوِرگ (gwirg)
- Medo-Parthian:
  - Caspian
    - Gilaki: ورگ (vərg), گۊرگ (gorg)
    - Old Mazanderani: ورگ (werg)
      - Mazanderani: ورگ (vərg, vorg)
  - Proto-Komisenian:
    - Sangisari: ورک (vark)
  - Old Median:
    - Old Azari: *ورگ (*wurg)
      - Karingani: ورگ (vorg)
      - Harzani: ورگ (vorg)
    - Tafreshi:
      - Amorehi: ورک (vork)
      - Ashtiani: ورگ (verg)
      - Vafsi: ورگ (vorg)
    - Talysh: (/⁠varg⁠/)
      Arabic script: ورگ
      
      Latin script: vərg
  - Parthian: 𐫃𐫇𐫡𐫃 (gwrg /⁠gurg⁠/)
  - Semnani: värg
  - Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
    - Gurani: ڤەرگ (varg)
    - Zazaki: verg (varg)
Southwest Iranian:
- Old Persian: 𐎺𐎼𐎣 (v-r-k /⁠vr̥kaʰ⁠/)
  - Middle Persian: (/⁠gurg⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫇𐫡𐫃 (gwrg)
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gwlg)
    Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢 (gʿlg)
    Pazend script: 𐬔𐬎𐬭𐬔 (gurg)
    - Classical Persian: گرگ (gurg)
      Dari: گرگ (gurg)
      Iranian Persian: گرگ (gorg)
      Tajik: гург (gurg)
    - Lurish
      Bakhtiari: گرگ (gorg)
      Northern Luri: گؤرگ (gorg)