Reconstruction:Proto-Mongolic/koyar

This Proto-Mongolic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Mongolic

Proto-Mongolic cardinal numbers

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Cardinal : *koyar

Etymology

Native, unless related to *koš (“pair”), which is from Proto-Common Turkic *koš. Compared to *korïn (“twenty”), possibly also related to *koï- (“after”). ESMJa derives this word from a common *ko- root, whence they derive Mongolian хорвос (xorvos, “two year-old pig”) and *kolbu- (“to merge”)

Numeral

*koyar

1. two

Alternative reconstructions

• *koar (based on Qīnghăi-Gānsù languages)

Descendants

• Middle Mongol:

  Hanzi script: 二 (/⁠qoyar⁠/), 豁牙兒 (huò-yá-ér /⁠qoyar⁠/) (Secret History)

  Mongol script: ᠬᠣᠶ᠋ᠠᠷ (qoyar)

  ʼPhags-pa script: ꡢꡡ
  ꡗꡘ (qo-yr /⁠qoyar⁠/)

  Arabic script: قویر (qwyr /⁠qoyar⁠/) (Rasulid Hexaglot), قویار (qwyʾr /⁠qoyar⁠/) (Muqaddimat al-Adab), قُیَار (quyār /⁠qoyar⁠/) (Kitab Majmu' Tarjuman Turki wa 'Ajami wa Mughali wa Farsi)

  • Central Mongolic:
    • Classical Mongolian: ᠬᠣᠶ᠋ᠠᠷ (qoyar)
      • Mongolian: хоёр (xojor)
      • Buryat: хоёр (xojor)
    • Written Oirat:
      • Kalmyk: хойр (xoyr)
  • Daur: xoyir
  • Southern Mongolic:
    • East Yugur: ghuur
    • Shirongolic:
      • Bonan: ghuar
      • Dongxiang: ghua
      • Monguor: ghoor, ghuur
• Mogholi: قیار

Further reading

• Nugteren, Hans (2011), Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation)‎^[1], Utrecht: LOT, page 421
• Sanžejev, G. D.; Orlovskaja, M. N.; Ševernina, Z. V. (2015–), Etimologičeskij slovarʹ mongolʹskix jazykov: v 3 t. [Etymological dictionary of Mongolic languages: in 3 vols.] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, page 61