Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʔarṣ́-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*ʔarṣ́- f

1. earth

Inflection

Declension of *ʔarṣ́-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʔarṣ́um	*ʔarṣ́āna	plural stem + *-ūna
	*ʔarṣ́im	*ʔarṣ́ayna	plural stem + *-īna
Accusative	*ʔarṣ́am
possessive forms
1st person	*ʔarṣ́ī / *ʔarṣ́ya	—	*ʔarṣ́ni
2nd person m	*ʔarṣ́ka	*ʔarṣ́kumā / *ʔarṣ́kumay	*ʔarṣ́kum(ū)
2nd person f	*ʔarṣ́ki		*ʔarṣ́kin(ā)
3rd person m	*ʔarṣ́šu	*ʔarṣ́šumā / *ʔarṣ́šumay	*ʔarṣ́šum(ū)
3rd person f	*ʔarṣ́ša		*ʔarṣ́šin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Descendants

• East Semitic:
  • Akkadian: 𒅕𒍢𒌅 f (er-ṣe-tu /erṣetu/)
• West Semitic: *ʔarṣ́-
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: أَرْض‎ f (ʾarḍ)
      • Maltese: art
    • Northwest Semitic:
      • Aramaic:
        • Jewish Aramaic: אַרְעָא‎ (ʾarʿā), אַרְקָא‎ (ʾarqā)
        • Classical Syriac: ܐܪܥܐ‎ (ʾarʿā)
      • Canaanite:
        • Hebrew: אֶרֶץ‎ f (ʾéreṣ)
        • Moabite: 𐤀𐤓𐤑‎ (ʾrṣ)
        • Phoenician: 𐤀𐤓𐤑‎ (ʾrṣ /ʾerṣ/)
          • Punic: 𐤀𐤓𐤎‎ (ʾrs /ʾers/)
      • Ugaritic: 𐎀𐎗𐎕 (ảrṣ /ʾarṣu/)
  • South Semitic:
    • Old South Arabian: 𐩱𐩧𐩳‎ (ʾrḍ)
    • Shehri: ʾεrẓ̂
• ⇒ Egyptian: rṯnw (possibly)

References

• Kogan, Leonid (2011) , “Proto-Semitic Lexicon”, in Weninger, Stefan, editor, The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft – Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science; 36), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 189
• Kogan, Leonid (2015) Genealogical Classification of Semitic. The Lexical Isoglosses, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
• Huehnergard, John (2019) , “Proto-Semitic”, in Huehnergard, John and Na'ama Pat-El, editors, The Semitic Languages, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN