Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʔil-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

English Wikipedia has an article on:

El (deity)

Wikipedia

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Ilah

Wikipedia

Noun

*ʔil- m

deity, god

Inflection

Declension of *ʔil-
case	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ʔilum	*ʔilāna	plural stem + *-ūna
accusative	*ʔilam	*ʔilayna	plural stem + *-īna
genitive	*ʔilim	*ʔilayna	plural stem + *-īna

possessive forms
1^st person	ʔilī / ʔilVya	—	*ʔilVni
2^nd person m	*ʔilVka	ʔilVkumā / ʔilVkumay	*ʔilVkum(ū)
2^nd person f	*ʔilVki	ʔilVkumā / ʔilVkumay	*ʔilVkin(ā)
3^rd person m	*ʔilVšu	ʔilVšumā / ʔilVšumay	*ʔilVšum(ū)
3^rd person f	*ʔilVša	ʔilVšumā / ʔilVšumay	*ʔilVšin(ā)

the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʔiluya for nom. case, *ʔiliya for gen. case, *ʔilaya for acc. case, etc.

Coordinate terms

*ʔilāhat-

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒀭 (ilum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: إِلّ (ʔill)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic: אֵיל (ʾēl)
      Samaritan Aramaic: ࠀࠢࠋ (ʾĕl), ࠀࠜࠋࠠࠄ (ēla), ࠀࠝࠋࠦࠄࠉ࠙ࠝࠌࠬ (ʾelūwem)
    - Canaanite:
      - Ammonite: 𐤀𐤋𐤌 (ʾlm)
      - Hebrew: אֵל (el, ʾēl)
      - Phoenician: 𐤀𐤋 (ʾl), 𐤀𐤋𐤕 (ʾlt), 𐤀𐤋𐤌 (ʾlm)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎛𐎍 (ỉl /⁠ʾilu⁠/), 𐎛𐎍𐎚 (ỉlt /⁠ʾilatu⁠/)
  - Old South Arabian:
    - Old South Arabian: 𐩱𐩡 (ʾl)

Extended form *ʔilāh-:

West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: إِلَٰه (ʔilāh), الله (allāh), اللّاه (allāh) — misspelling, pronunciation spelling
    - Maltese: Alla, alla
    - → Afrikaans: Allah
    - → Albanian: Allah, Allahu
    - → Amharic: አላህ (ʾälah)
    - → Armenian: Ալլահ (Allah)
    - → Avar: Аллагь (Allah)
    - → Bashkir: Алла (Alla)
    - → Belarusian: Ала́х (Aláx)
    - → Bulgarian: Алла́х (Alláh)
    - → Burmese: အလ္လာဟ် (allah)
    - → Catalan: Al·là
    - → Central Kurdish: ئەڵڵا (elllla)
    - → Chechen: Аллахӏ (Allah)
    - → Chinese:
      - Cantonese: 阿拉 (aa³ laa¹)
      - Hakka: 阿拉 (Â-lâ)
      - Mandarin: 安拉 (Ānlā), 阿拉 (Ālā)
        Dungan: Анла (Anla), Анлахў (Anlahw)
      - Min Nan: 阿拉 (A-la)
    - → Classical Persian: اَللّٰه (allāh)
      - Dari: اَللّٰه (allāh)
      - Iranian Persian: اَللّٰه (allâh)
      - Tajik: Аллоҳ (Alloh)
      - → Assamese: আল্লা (alla)
        → Bodo (India): आल्ला (alla)
      - → Bengali: আল্লাহ (allah)
      - → Chagatai: الله (ʾllh /⁠allāh, ällāh⁠/)
        Uyghur: ئاللاھ (allah)
        Uzbek: Alloh
      - → Gujarati: અલ્લાહ (allāh)
      - → Kachchi: અલાહ (alāh)
      - → Kashmiri:
        Arabic script: اَللہ (allāh)
        Devanagari script: अल्लाह (allāh)
        Sharada script: 𑆃𑆬𑇀𑆬𑆳𑆲 (allāh)
      - → Marathi: अल्लाह (allāh), अल्ला (allā)
      - → Marwari: अल्लाह (allāh), अल्ला (allā), अलाह (alāh)
      - → Mewari: अल्ला (allā)
      - → Old Hindi: अलह (alaha), अला (alā)
        Middle Hindi: اللہ (allh)
        Hindustani:
        Hindi: अल्लाह (allāh), अल्ला (allā)
        Urdu: اَللّٰہ (allāh)
        → New Sanskrit: अल्लाहः (allāhaḥ)
      - → Old Punjabi: ਅਲਹੁ (alahu), ਅਲਾਹੁ (alāhu)
        Punjabi:
        Gurmukhi script: ਅੱਲਾਹ (allāh), ਅੱਲ੍ਹਾ (allhā), ਅੱਲਾ (allā)
        Shahmukhi script: اللہ (allāh)
      - → Sindhi:
        Devanagari script: अलाहु (alāhu)
        Arabic script: اَللهُ (allāhu)
    - → Classical Syriac: ܐܠܠܗ (allāh), ܐܠܠܘ (allāh), ܐܠܠܐ (allā) (chiefly Garshuni)
    - → Crimean Tatar: Alla
    - → Czech: Alláh
    - → Danish: Allah
    - → Dhivehi: އައްލާހު (allāhu)
    - → English: Allah
    - → Estonian: Allah
    - → Finnish: Allah
    - → Gagauz: Allah
    - → Galician: Alá
    - → Georgian: ალაჰი (alahi)
    - → German: Allah
    - → German Low German: Allah
    - → Greek: Αλλάχ (Allách)
    - → Hausa: Allah
    - → Hebrew: אֲללַּהּ (alláh)
    - → Hungarian: Allah
    - → Indonesian: Allah
    - → Irish: Allah
    - → Japanese: アッラーフ (Arrāfu), アッラー (Arrā), アラー (Arā)
    - → Javanese: ꦄꦭ꧀ꦭꦃ (allah)
    - → Kannada: ಅಲ್ಲಾಹ (allāha)
    - → Karaim: аллахъ (allax)
    - → Kazakh: Аллаһ (Allah)
    - → Khmer: អាឡា (ʼaalaa)
    - → Korean: 알라 (Alla)
    - → Kumyk: Аллагь (Allah)
    - → Kyrgyz: Алла (Alla), Аллах (Allah)
    - → Lao: ອັນເລາະ (ʼan lǫ)
    - → Latvian: Allāhs
    - → Lezgi: Аллагь (Allah)
    - → Lithuanian: Alachas
    - → Macedonian: Алах (Alah)
    - → Malay: Allah
      - Indonesian: Allah
    - → Malayalam: അല്ലാഹു (allāhu)
    - → Mongolian:
      Cyrillic script: Аллах (Allax)
      Mongolian script: ᠠᠯᠯᠠᠾ (allah)
    - → Northern Kurdish: Ellah
    - → Norwegian: Allah
    - → Odia: ଅଲ୍ଲାହ (allāha)
    - → Old Anatolian Turkish: اَلله (allāh)
      - Azerbaijani: Allah
      - Gagauz: Allaa
      - Ottoman Turkish: الله (Allâh)
        Turkish: Allah
    - → Pashto: الله (əllɑ)
    - → Polish: Allach, Allah, Ałłach
    - → Portuguese: Alá
    - → Romanian: Allah
    - → Russian: Алла́х (Alláx), Алла́хъ (Alláx)
    - → Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: Аллах, Алах
      Latin script: Allah, Alah
    - → Sinhalese: අල්ලාහ් (allāh)
    - → Slovak: Alah
    - → Slovene: Alah
    - → Somali: Allaah
    - → Spanish: Alá
    - → Tamil: அல்லாஹ் (allāh)
    - → Tatar: Аллах (Allax)
    - → Telugu: అల్లాహ్ (allāh)
    - → Thai: อัลลอฮ์ (an-lɔɔ)
    - → Tibetan: ཨ་ལ (a la)
    - → Tigrinya: አላህ (ʾälah)
    - → Tok Pisin: Ala
    - → Turkmen: Alla
    - → Ukrainian: Алла́х (Alláx)
    - → Urum: аллах (allah)
    - → Vietnamese: A-la
    - → West Circassian: Алахь (Alaḥ)
    - → Yakut: Аллаах (Allaaq)
    - → Yiddish: אַלאַ (ala)
    - → Yoruba: Allah
    - → Zazaki: Allah, Alla
    - ⇒ يَا اللّٰه (yā allāh, “O God”) (see also the descendants at يَاٱللَّٰه (yāllāh))
      - → Afar: Yálla
      - → Saho: Yalla
      - → Wolof: Yàlla
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic:
      Biblical Aramaic: אֱלָהָא (ʾĕlāhā)
      
      Samaritan Aramaic: ࠀࠣࠋࠟࠄࠟࠄ (ʾĕlāhā)
      - Classical Syriac: ܐܠܗܐ
      - Turoyo: ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ (aloho)
      - Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܐܵܠܵܗܵܐ (ālāhā)
      - Samaritan Aramaic: ࠀࠣࠋࠟࠄࠟࠄ (ʾalāhā)
      - Classical Mandaic: ࡀࡋࡀࡄࡀ (alaha /⁠alɔha⁠/)
      - Western Neo-Aramaic: ܐܠܳܗ (ʾalōh)
      - Lishana Deni: אלהא (ʾelha)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: אֱלוֹהַּ (elóah, ʾĕlốah)
      - Hebrew: אֱלֹהִים (elohím, ʾĕlōhîm)
        Samaritan Hebrew: ࠀࠋࠄࠉࠌ (ʾlhym)
        → Arabic: إِلُوهِيم (ʔilūhīm)
        → English: Elohim
        → Hindi: एलोहीम (elohīm), एलोहिम (elohim)
        → Russian: Элохим (Eloxim)
        → Thai: เอโลฮิม (ee-roo-hím)
  - Old South Arabian:
    - Old South Arabian: 𐩱𐩡𐩠 (ʾlh)