Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/bystrъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Berneker derives from Proto-Indo-European *bʰūs-ro- and connects with a group of Germanic words with a basic meaning of “blasting forth, sallying forth” — Old Norse bysia (“stream out with big power”), dialectal Norwegian bøysa (“storm forth”), buse (“barge, rush”), Swedish busa (“be up to mischief, make trouble”), East Frisian German Low German būsen (“be violent, roar, make a noise, attack”), būsterig (“stormy”). He explains the initial meaning of the Slavic as “penetrating, transparent”, which then took on different nuances in the daughter languages.
Ačaṙean adduces also Old Armenian ըմ-բոստ (əm-bost, “rebellious, stubborn”) as a cognate and on its basis reconstructs the meaning of the Proto-Indo-European root as “to sally forth, barge, hurtle out”.
Adjective[edit]
Inflection[edit]
Indefinite declension of *bystrъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *bystrъ | *bystra | *bystro |
| genitive | *bystra | *bystry | *bystra |
| dative | *bystru | *bystrě | *bystru |
| accusative | *bystrъ | *bystrǫ | *bystro |
| instrumental | *bystromь | *bystrojǫ | *bystromь |
| locative | *bystrě | *bystrě | *bystrě |
| vocative | *bystre | *bystro | *bystro |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *bystra | *bystrě | *bystrě |
| genitive | *bystru | *bystru | *bystru |
| dative | *bystroma | *bystrama | *bystroma |
| accusative | *bystra | *bystrě | *bystrě |
| instrumental | *bystroma | *bystrama | *bystroma |
| locative | *bystru | *bystru | *bystru |
| vocative | *bystra | *bystrě | *bystrě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *bystri | *bystry | *bystra |
| genitive | *bystrъ | *bystrъ | *bystrъ |
| dative | *bystromъ | *bystramъ | *bystromъ |
| accusative | *bystry | *bystry | *bystra |
| instrumental | *bystry | *bystrami | *bystry |
| locative | *bystrěxъ | *bystraxъ | *bystrěxъ |
| vocative | *bystri | *bystry | *bystra |
Definite declension of *bystrъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *bystrъjь | *bystraja | *bystroje |
| genitive | *bystrajego | *bystryję̇ | *bystrajego |
| dative | *bystrujemu | *bystrěji | *bystrujemu |
| accusative | *bystrъjь | *bystrǫjǫ | *bystroje |
| instrumental | *bystryjimь | *bystrǫjǫ | *bystryjimь |
| locative | *bystrějemь | *bystrěji | *bystrějemь |
| vocative | *bystrъjь | *bystraja | *bystroje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *bystraja | *bystrěji | *bystrěji |
| genitive | *bystruju | *bystruju | *bystruju |
| dative | *bystryjima | *bystryjima | *bystryjima |
| accusative | *bystraja | *bystrěji | *bystrěji |
| instrumental | *bystryjima | *bystryjima | *bystryjima |
| locative | *bystruju | *bystruju | *bystruju |
| vocative | *bystraja | *bystrěji | *bystrěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *bystriji | *bystryję̇ | *bystraja |
| genitive | *bystrъjixъ | *bystrъjixъ | *bystrъjixъ |
| dative | *bystryjimъ | *bystryjimъ | *bystryjimъ |
| accusative | *bystryję̇ | *bystryję̇ | *bystraja |
| instrumental | *bystryjimi | *bystryjimi | *bystryjimi |
| locative | *bystryjixъ | *bystryjixъ | *bystryjixъ |
| vocative | *bystriji | *bystryję̇ | *bystraja |
Descendants[edit]
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
- Non-Slavic:
- → Albanian: bistër
Further reading[edit]
- Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1979) “Haykakankʻ (Armeniaca)”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, page 629a
- Berneker, Erich (1908–1913) Slavisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, page 113
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1976), “*bystrъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 3 (*bratrьcь – *cьrky), Moscow: Nauka, page 153
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “быстрый”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress, pages 259–260
References[edit]
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*bỳstrъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 71: “adj. o (a) ‘quick’”
- ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “bystrъ bystra bystro”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (PR 133)”
- ^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “bíster”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “*by̋strъ”