Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/er-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Nişanyan merges this verb with *ẹr- (“to reach”).

Verb

*er-

1. (copulative) to be

Derived terms

• *erser (“if”)
• *erken (“while”)
• *ermeŕ (“not”)
• *erür (“is”)
• *erdük (“while”)

Descendants

• Proto-Common Turkic:

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: *ərmək
• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: ایمك (imäk, īmäk)
    • Azerbaijani: *imək
    • Gagauz: *imää
    • Ottoman Turkish: ایمك (imek)
      • Turkish: *imek
  • Salar: *igüsi, *egüsi
  • Turkmen: *imek
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: [script needed] (ermēk)
    • Khorezmian Turkic:
      • Chagatai:
        • Uzbek: *emoq
• Siberian Turkic:
  • Old Turkic: 𐰼 (er-)
  • North Siberian Turkic:
    • Yakut: эр (er)

• ⇒ Proto-Turkic: *erür

• Oghuz:
  • Salar: ira
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: 𐰼𐰇𐰼 (r²ür² /⁠erür⁠/)

• Proto-Turkic: *ermeŕ

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: мар (mar)
• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (imez)
    • Ottoman Turkish: ايمَز (imez)
  • Salar: emes
• Karluk:
  • Chagatai: ایرماس (ermäs), ایماس (emäs)
    • Uzbek: emas
    • Uyghur: ئەمەس (emes)
• Kipchak:
  • South Kipchak:
    • Karakalpak: emes
    • Kazakh: емес (emes)
  • North Kipchak
    • Bashkir: имәҫ (iməś) (dated)
  • East Kipchak:
    • Kyrgyz: эмес (emes)
    • Southern Altai: эмес (emes)
• Siberian:
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan:
      • Tuvan: эвес (eves)
    • Yenisei:
      • Shor: эбес (ebes)
    • Northern Altai: эвес (eves), эбес (ebes)
      • >? Khakas: нимес (nimes)

• Proto-Turkic: *erdük

• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: ايدوكى (idügi)
    • Ottoman Turkish: ايدوكى (idüği)
      • Turkish: idiği, idüği

• Proto-Turkic: *erser

• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: ایسه (ése), ارسه (erse)
    • Azerbaijani: isə
    • Gagauz: sä
    • Ottoman Turkish: ایسه
      • Turkish: ise

• Proto-Turkic: *erti

• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: ایدی (édi), اردی (erdi)
    • Azerbaijani: idi, -di
    • Gagauz: -di
    • Ottoman Turkish: ایدی
      • Turkish: idi
• Karluk
  • Khorezmian Turkic: ایردی (ʾyrdy /⁠erdi⁠/)
    • Chagatai: ایردی (erdi), ایدی (edi)
      • Uzbek: edi
• Kipchak:
  • South Kipchak:
    • Karakalpak: edi
    • Kazakh: еді (edı)
  • North Kipchak
    • Bashkir: ине (ine)
    • Tatar: иде (ide)
  • East Kipchak:
    • Kyrgyz: эди (edi)
    • Southern Altai: эди (edi)

• Proto-Turkic: *erken

• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: ایكن
    • Azerbaijani: ikən, -kən, -kan
    • Gagauz: -kenä, -kana
    • Ottoman Turkish: ایكن (iken)
      • Turkish: iken, -ken, -kan
• Karluk
  • Khorezmian Turkic:
    • Chagatai:
      • Uzbek: ekan
• Kipchak:
  • South Kipchak:
    • Karakalpak: eken
    • Kazakh: екен (eken)
  • North Kipchak
    • Bashkir: икән (ikən)
    • Tatar: икән (ikän)
  • East Kipchak:
    • Kyrgyz: экен (eken)
    • Southern Altai: экен (eken)

References

• Clauson, Gerard (1972), “er-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 193-194
• Sevortjan, E. V. (1974), Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Nauka, pages 218-220
• Räsänen, Martti (1969), Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 46
• Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*er-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill