Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kïr

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

From *kïr-. Alternatively, the nominal meaning is primary.

Noun

*kïr

1. isolated mountain
2. mountain top
3. mountain ridge
4. steppe, desert, level ground
5. edge

Declension

Declension of *kïr

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*kïr
Accusative	*kïrnï, *kïrïg 4), *kïrnïg 1)
Genitive	*kïrnïŋ
Dative	*kïrka
Locative	*kïrta
Ablative	*kïrtan
Allative	*kïrgaru
Instrumental 2)	*kïrïn
Equative 2)	*kïrča
Similative 2)	*kïrlayu
Comitative 2)	*kïrlïgu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: хир (hir)
• Common Turkic: *kïr

• Proto-Oghuz: *gïr
  • West Oghuz:
    • Old Anatolian Turkish:
      • Azerbaijani: qır
      • Ottoman Turkish: قیر (kır)
        • Turkish: kır
        • → Armenian: խըռ (xəṙ), ղըռ (ġəṙ)
        • → Serbo-Croatian: kŕdža, кр́џа
  • East Oghuz:
    • Turkmen: gyr
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: قِرْ (qïr)
    • Chagatai: قیر
      • Uzbek: qir
      • Uyghur: قىر (qir)
• Kipchak:
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: ҡыр (qır)
    • Tatar: кыр (qır)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Kumyk: къыр (qır)
    • Karachay-Balkar: къыр (qır)
  • East Kipchak:
    • Southern Altai: кыр (kïr)
    • Kyrgyz: кыр (kır)
    • Teleut қыр-
  • South Kipchak:
    • Karakalpak: қыр
    • Kazakh: қыр (qyr)
    • Nogai: кыр (kır)
• Siberian:
  • North Siberian:
    • ⇒? Dolgan: кырдал (“hill”)
    • ⇒ Yakut: кыртас (kırtas, “to shear, cut out”), ⇒ кырдал (kırdal, “hill”)
• → Middle Mongol: ᠬᠢᠷ᠎ᠠ (kir-a)
  • Mongolian: хяр (xjar)
  • → Turkmen: gyra
  • → Tuvan: хыра (xıra)

References

• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 641
• Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (2000) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume VI, Moscow: Indrik, page 225
• Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 265
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*Kɨr”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill