User:Burgundaz/Germanic transposition

For "reconstructing" words that likely never existed in Germanic, but that by all rights could have, largely based on forms found in related languages. For fun of course.

Adjectives

iHo-stem

• **jakjaz, "honorary, holy" < *Hyh̥́₂ǵ-iHos = Ancient Greek ἅγιος (hágios)

no-stem

• **twīnaz, "fearful, terrible" < *dwey-nós = Ancient Greek δεινός (deinós)

ro-stem

• **arkraz, "white, shining" < *h₂erǵ-rós
• **kunraz, "knowing" < *ǵn̥h₃-rós = Latin gnārus. cf. Ancient Greek γνώριμος (gnṓrimos), γνωρίζω (gnōrízō)
  • **firikunraz
  • **unkunraz
• **sagraz, "customary, ritual, sacred" < *sh̥₂k-rós = Latin sacer.
• **stubraz, "hit, struck, stunned" < *stup-rós = Latin stuprum < *stuper < *stup-rós
• **wetraz, "watery, water-like" < *wed-rós = Latin vitrum < *viter or *vitrus

to-stem

• **badaz, "said, spoken" < *bʰh̥₂-tós = Ancient Greek φατός (phatós), Latin fatus
  • **felubadaz, "much spoken of"
  • **tuzbadaz, "hard to speak"
  • **unbadaz, "unspoken, unsaid"
• **budaz, "grown, being" < *bʰh₂u-tós
  • **frabudaz, "
  • **inbudaz, "inborn, natural"
  • **swebudaz, "being one's own"
  • **unbudaz, "unbeen, not happened or existed"
• **bunsaz, "bound"
  • **unbunsaz, "unbound, unrestrained" = Sanskrit अबद्ध (abaddha)
• **dadaz, "done, put, placed"
  • **abadadaz, "put away"
  • **indadaz, "(able to be) put in, placed in"
  • **undadaz, "unplaced"
• **dwidaz, "decreasing, declining, perishing" = Ancient Greek φθιτός (phthitós), Sanskrit क्षित (kṣita)
  • **abadwidaz, "waning" = Sanskrit अपक्षित (apakṣita)
  • **new(j)adwidaz, "newly perished, violated" = νεόφθιτος (neóphthitos)
  • **undwidaz, "undecaying, imperishable", = Ancient Greek ἄφθιτος (áphthitos), Sanskrit अक्षित (akṣita)
• **flehsaz, "plaited, woven, twined" < *pleḱ-t-tós = Ancient Greek πλεκτός (plektós), Latin plexus
  • **inflehsaz, "inwoven"
  • **sēmiflehsaz, "half-plaited, half-woven"
  • **unflehsaz, "unplaited"
• **fludaz, "flowed, floated" < *plu-tós = Ancient Greek πλυτός (plutós), Sanskrit प्लुत (pluta)
• **gundaz, "struck, slain, killed" < *gʷʰn̥-tós = Ancient Greek φατός (phatós), Sanskrit हत (hata)
  • **aljagundaz, "slain by others"
  • **fragundaz
  • **new(j)agundaz, "lately slain"
  • **ungundaz, "unhurt, uninjured"
• **htidaz or **hidaz, "built, settled, founded" = Ancient Greek -κτιτος (-ktitos)
  • **samah(t)idaz, "built together, jointly built" = Ancient Greek ὁμόκτιτος (homóktitos)
• **kundaz,
  • **abakundaz, "gone away"
  • **anakundaz
  • **unkundaz, "not gone, untrodden" < *n̥-gʷm̥-tós = Ancient Greek ἄβατος (ábatos), Sanskrit अगत (agata)
• *kunþaz
  • **aljakunþaz, "misknown"
• **kurdaz, "praised, welcome" < *gʷr̥H-tós = Latin grātus, Sanskrit गूर्त (gūrta)
• **kurdaz, "eaten, devoured"
  • **sēmikurdaz, "half-eaten"
  • **unkurdaz, "uneaten, not eatable"
  • **wulfakurdaz, "devoured by wolves"
• **kwadaz, "tended, fed" < *gʷh̥₃-tós = Ancient Greek -βοτος (-botos)
• **murdaz,
  • **unmurdaz, "not dead, immortal" < *n̥-mr̥-tós = Ancient Greek ἄμβροτος (ámbrotos), Latin immortālis, Sanskrit अमृत (amṛta)
• **strudaz, "streaming, flowing" < *sru-tós = Sanskrit स्रुत (sruta)
• **tadaz, "given, granted" < *dh̥₃-tós = Ancient Greek δοτός (dotós), Latin datus.
  • **fratadaz, "given away, betrayed"

u-stem

• **bunguz, "dense, thick" < *bʰn̥gʰús = Ancient Greek παχύς (pakhús), Sanskrit बहु (bahu)
  • **uberbunguz
  • **unbunguz
• **burguz, "high, tall, elevated" < *bʰr̥gʰús = Hittite parkus, Old Armenian բարձր (barjr)
• **lunguz, "small, light, quick" < *h₁ln̥gʷʰús = Ancient Greek ἐλαχύς (elakhús), Sanskrit लघु (laghu)
  • **firilunguz
  • **unlunguz

yo-stems

• **arþijaz, "fitting" < *h₂ér-t-yos (< probably *h₂er-tis) = Ancient Greek ἄρσιος (ársios)
• **fitjaz< "walking, going by foot" < *ped-yos
• **kunþijaz, "of the family, race" < *gń̥h₁-t-yos (< probably *gn̥h₁-tis) = Ancient Greek γνήσιος (gnḗsios), Sanskrit जात्य (jātya)
• **swekundijaz or **swikunþijaz, "of one's kind, family" < *swe-gn̥h₁-t-yos = Sanskrit स्वजात्य (svajātya)
• **tiwjaz, "heavenly, divine" < *diw-iHos = Ancient Greek δῖος (dîos), Latin dīus, Sanskrit दिव्य (divya)

Assorted

• **hemaz, "hornless, young (animal)" < *ḱemh₂os = Sanskrit शम (śama)
• **gimaz, "pertaining to winter"
  • **fragimaz, "having severe winters"
  • **hundagimaz, "lasting a hundred winters"
  • **tuzgimaz, "bad or severe winter"
  • **ungimaz, "without winter, cold"

Nouns

Consonant-stems

Presuming these remained consonant-stems instead of being thematicized, as was common in Germanic.

• **nērs (m), "man, husband" < *h₂nḗr = Ancient Greek ἀνήρ
• **rēhs/rēk- (m), "ruler, king" < *h₃rḗǵs
• **wērs (m), "wild animal" < *ǵʰwéh₁r = Ancient Greek θήρ (thḗr)
• **wōhs/waw-

eh₂-stem

• **kwarō (f), "eating; food" < *gʷoréh₂ = Ancient Greek βορά (borá), probably also seen in Latin vorō

i-stem

• **artiz (f), "point, spur" < *h₂erd-is = Ancient Greek ἄρδις (árdis), Celtic *ardis. Might properly have been the source of *artijaną (“to spur, incite”).

ih₂-stem

• **faþnī, oblique *fadun-, (f), "mistress" < *pótnih₂ = Ancient Greek πότνια (pótnia), Sanskrit पत्नी (patnī). The feminine companion to *faþiz/*fadiz
• **rēknī, oblique *rēkun-, (f), "queen" < *h₃rḗǵnih₂ = Celtic *rīganī, Latin rēgīna, Sanskrit राज्ञी (rājñī)
• **tīwī, (f), "goddess" < *deyw-ih₂ = Sanskrit देवी (devī)

mn-stem

• **ahmô (m), "stone" < *h₂éḱ-mon- = Ancient Greek ἄκμων (ákmōn), Sanskrit अश्मन् (aśman)
• **faimô

mo-stem

• **agmō (f), "point, edge" < *h₂eḱ-méh₂ = Ancient Greek ἀκμή (akmḗ)
• **akmaz (m), "driving, leading, trajectory" < *h₂óǵ-mos = Ancient Greek ὄγμος (ógmos), Sanskrit अज्म (ajma)
• **armō (f), "junction" < *h₂er-méh₂ = Ancient Greek ἀρμή (armḗ)
• **bōmō (f), "speech; that which is heard" < *bʰéh₂-meh₂ = Ancient Greek φήμη (phḗmē), Latin fāma
• **knōmō (f), "knowing, judgement" < *ǵn(é/ó)h₃-meh2 = Ancient Greek γνώμη (gnṓmē)
• **lugmaz (m), "what is bright; gold ornament" < *luk-mós = Sanskrit रुक्म (rukma)

no-stems

• **etną (n), "food" < *h₁éd-nom = Sanskrit अन्न (anna)
• **jakkaz (m), "offering, worship" < *yh̥₂ǵ-nós = Sanskrit यज्ञ (yajña)
  • **unjaknaz, "not a real sacrifice" = Sanskrit अयज्ञ (ayajña)

r-stem

Almost completely missing as a class in Germanic, but there are no problems transposing them from other languages. Presumably Germanic would have regularized the root to the zero-grade and also followed the same accentual pattern as ti-stems. Eg. **burþōr rather than **berdḗr.

Class 1

Class 2

Class 3

Class 4

• **kindēr/kinþrī (m/f), "begetter, parent" < *ǵenh₁tḗr

Class 5

• **fehtēr/fihtrī (m/f), "cooker" < *pekʷ-tḗr = Ancient Greek πέπτρια (péptria), Latin coctor, पक्तृ (paktṛ).

Class 6

• **ahtōr (m), "driver, leader" < *h₂éǵ-tōr = Ancient Greek ἄκτωρ (áktōr), Latin actor.

Class 7

• **ardēr = Ancient Greek ἀροτήρ (arotḗr).

Irregular

• **dēþōr or **dadēr (m), "one who does, puts" < *dʰéh₁-tōr = Ancient Greek -θετήρ (-thetḗr), Latin -ditor, Sanskrit धातृ (dhātṛ).
• **wistōr (m), "knower" < *wíd-(s)tōr = Ancient Greek ἵστωρ (hístōr). Presumably an epenthetic -t- would be inserted between -s(s)- resulting from dental cluster and following -r- in the oblique cases.

s-stem

• **fleþaz/fliþiz- (n), "flatness, breadth" < *pléth₂-os/-es- = Ancient Greek πλάτος (plátos)
• **hreþaz/hriþiz- (n), "strength, power" < *krét-os/-es- = Ancient Greek κράτος (krátos)
• **kenaz/kiniz- (n), "race, lineage" < *ǵénh₁-os/-es- = Ancient Greek γένος (génos), genus, Sanskrit जनस् (janas)
• **legaz/ligiz- (n), "bed, lair" < *légʰ-os/-es- = Ancient Greek λέχος (lékhos)
• **selaz/siliz- (n), "marsh, pond" < *sél-os/-es-
• **setaz/sitiz- (n), "seat" < *séd-os/-es- = Ancient Greek ἕδος (hédos), Sanskrit सदस् (sadas)
• **þenaz/þiniz- (n), "stretching, extension" < *tén-os/-es-
• **wehwaz/wihwiz- (n), "word, speech" < *wékʷ-os/-es-
• **weraz/wiriz- (n), "heat, warmth" < *gʷʰér-os/-es- = Ancient Greek θέρος (théros). Doesn't really seem to meet the conditions required for *gʷʰ- > bʰ-

ti-stem

• **ahtiz (f), "going, driving" < *h₂éǵ-tis = Latin actiō
• **baþ/diz (f), "speech, speaking, rumor" < *bʰh̥́₂-tis = Ancient Greek φάσις
• *buþ/diz (f), "being, living, dwelling" < *bʰh₂ú-tis
• **dwiþiz (f), "decline, ruin" < **dʰgʷʰí-tis = Ancient Greek φθίσις (phthísis)
  • **abadwidiz (f), "waning, decrease" = Ancient Greek ἀπόφθισις (apóphthisis)
  • **undwidiz (f), "imperishableness" = Sanskrit अक्षिति (akṣiti)
• **fihtiz (f), "cooking" < *pekʷ-tís = Ancient Greek πέψις (pépsis), Latin coctiō, Sanskrit पक्ति (pakti)
• **flihsiz (f), "plaiting, weaving" < *pleḱ-t-tís
  • **inflihsiz (f),
• **fludiz (f), "flowing" < *plu-tís = Ancient Greek πλύσις (plúsis), Sanskrit प्लुति (pluti).
• **frīdiz (f), "pleasure, joy; beauty" < *priH-tís = Sanskrit प्रीति (prīti).
  • **gafrīdiz (f),
  • **tuzfrīdiz (f),
  • **unfrīdiz (f),
• **guþ/diz (f), "pouring" < *gʰú-tis = Ancient Greek χύσις (khúsis), Sanskrit हुति (huti).
• **htidiz or **hidiz(f), "building, settling, founding" < *tki-tís = Ancient Greek κτίσις (ktísis), Sanskrit क्षिति (kṣiti)
  • **abah(t)idiz (f), "settling away" = Ancient Greek ἀπόκτισις (apóktisis)
  • **anah(t)idiz (f), "rebuilding, resettling" = Ancient Greek ἀνάκτισις (anáktisis)
• **hwidiz, (f)
  • **abahwidiz (f), "compensation, paying off" < *h₂epo-kʷi-tis = Ancient Greek ἀπότισις (apótisis), Sanskrit अपचिति (apaciti)
• **jahtiz (f), "sacrifice, worship" < *yh̥́2ǵ-tis = Sanskrit इष्टि (iṣṭi)
• **jaþ/diz or **jahtiz (f), "throwing, hurling" < *(H)yh̥́₁-(k)-tis = Ancient Greek ἕσις (hésis) or Latin -iectiō
• **jistiz (f), "boiling, fermenting" = Ancient Greek ζέσις (zésis)
• **juhtiz (f)
• **kurþ/diz (f), "praising, approval" < *gʷŕ̥H-tis = Italic *gʷrātis, Sanskrit गूर्ति (gūrti)
• **kurþ/diz (f), "devouring, eating" < *gʷŕ̥h₃-tis = Ancient Greek βρῶσις (brôsis)
• **kwaþ/diz (f), "tending or feeding livestock" < *gʷh̥́₃-tis = Ancient Greek βόσις (bósis)
• **murþ/diz (f), "death, dying > murder(?)" < *mértis = Similarly formed to Latin mors. As with *burþiz/burdiz, the dental would be voiced in compounds
• **saldiz (f), "leaping, jumping" = Ancient Greek ἅλσις (hálsis)
• **strudiz (f), "flow, flowing, streaming" < *sru-tís = Ancient Greek ῥύσις (rhúsis), Sanskrit स्रुति (sruti)
  • **abastrudiz (f), "flowing off, draining"
• **studiz (f)
• **þundiz (f), "stretching" > *tn̥-tís = Ancient Greek τάσις (tásis), Latin -tentiō, Sanskrit तति (tati)

to-stem

• **arþą (n), "field, cropland" < *h₂érh₃-tos = Based on Greek ἄροτος, "field, tillage"; Germanic seems to prefer to derive neuter nouns from to-adjectives, however. Similarly, one could see **arwą, derived from **arwaz < *h₂erh₃wos as seen in Latin arvum
• **hundikundaz, "brother, sibling" < *km̥tí-ǵn̥h₁-tos = Ancient Greek κασίγνητος (kasígnētos)
• **kwaþą (n), "cattle, livestock" < *gʷh̥́₃-to(s/m) = Ancient Greek βοτόν (botón)

tro-/dʰro-stem

• **ardrą (n), "joint" < *h₂er-dʰrom = Ancient Greek ἄρθρον (árthron)
• **mēþrą (n), "measure" < *méh₁trom = Ancient Greek μέτρον (métron) (zero-grade), Sanskrit मात्र (mātra)
• **þerþrą (n), "drill, borer" < *térh₁-trom = Ancient Greek τέρετρον (téretron), Proto-Celtic *taratrom

tu-stem

• **arduz (m), "fitting; order" < *h₂er-tús

Assorted

• **akaz (m), "driver, leader" < *h₂eǵ-ós = Ancient Greek ἀγός, Sanskrit अज
• **dwarą (n), "door, passage; forum, court" < *dʰworom = Latin forum, Sanskrit द्वार (dvāra)
• **kwōgalaz (m), "cowherd" < *gʷeh₂u-k(ʷ)ólos = Ancient Greek βουκόλος (boukólos), Celtic *boukolis
• **saflą (n), "implement, instrument; equipment" = Ancient Greek ὅπλον (hóplon)
• **sunkelbaz (m), "sibling" < *sm̥-gʷelbʰos = Ancient Greek ἀδελφός
• **sumlagaz/ō (m/f), "spouse" < *sm̥-logʰos = Ancient Greek ἄλοχος.
• **umbihwalaz (m), "servant" < *h₂n̥tbʰí-kʷolos = Ancient Greek ἀμφίπολος, Latin anculus, Sanskrit अभिचर.
• **unkiz (m), "fire" < *h₁n̥gʷ-nís = Latin ignis, Sanskrit अग्नि (agni)
• **urhtaz (m), "bear" < *h₂r̥tḱos
• **wōstu/**wastu (n), "town" *weh₂stu = Ancient Greek ἄστυ (ástu), Sanskrit वास्तु (vāstu)

Verbs

Strong

Class 1

Class 2

• **beukaną, "to flee" < *bʰéwg-e-
• **dew(w)aną, "to burn" < *dʰégʷʰ-e- = Sanskrit दहति (dahati)
• **eusaną, "to burn" < *h₁éws-e- = Ancient Greek εὕω (heúō), Latin ūrō, Sanskrit ओषति (oṣati)
• **flew(w)aną, "to swim, sail, flow" < *pléw-e- = Ancient Greek πλέω (pléō), Sanskrit प्ल्अवते (plavate)
• **strew(w)aną, "to stream, flow" < *sréw-e- = Ancient Greek ῥέω (rhéō), Sanskrit स्र्अवति (sravati)

Class 3

• **erhwaną, "to sing, praise" < *h₁érkʷ-e- = Sanskrit अर्चति (arcati)
• **herfaną, "to pluck, harvest" < *kérp-e-
• **meskaną, "to sink, wash" < *mésg-e-
• **serfaną, "to creep, crawl" < *sérp-e- = Ancient Greek ἕρπω (hérpō), Latin serpō, Sanskrit स्अर्पति (sarpati)

Class 4

• **dweraną, "to fall away, disappear" < *dʰgʷʰer-e- = Sanskrit क्ष्अरति (kṣarati), also Ancient Greek φθείρω (phtheírō) (< *dʰgʷʰer-ye-)
• **hwelaną, "to move (around), go round" < *kʷélh₁-e- = Ancient Greek πέλω (pélō), Latin colō, च्अरति (carati)
• **kenaną/**kun-, "to be born" < *ǵénh₁-t/*ǵn̥h₁- =
  • Presumably would have become an aorist-present
• **seraną, "to tie together, equip" < *sér-e- = Latin serō
• **weraną, "to warm" < *gʷʰér-e- = Ancient Greek θέρω (thérō)

Class 5

• **fehwaną, "to cook" < *pékʷ-e- = Latin coquō, Sanskrit प्अचति (pacati)
• **feþaną, "to fly, fall down" < *pét-e- = Ancient Greek πέτομαι (pétomai), Sanskrit प्अतति (patati)
• **sefaną, "to care for" < *sép-e- = Ancient Greek ἕπω (hépō), Sanskrit सपति (sapati)
• **seganą, "to overpower, conquer" < *séǵʰ-e- = Ancient Greek ἔχω (ékhō), Sanskrit स्अहते (sahate)
• **þresaną, "to tremble, be frightened, flee" < *trés-e- = Ancient Greek τρέω (tréō), Sanskrit त्र्असति (trasati)

Class 6

• **jahjaną, "to throw, cast, hurl" < *(H)yh̥́₁-k-ye- = Assuming an extension of *-k- as in Latin iaciō
• **jak(j)aną, "to honor, consecrate" < *Hyh̥́₂ǵ-(y)e- = Sanskrit य्अजति (yajati)
• **sahjaną, "to sanctify" < *sh̥́₂k-ye- = Latin sanciō (with adaptation to the Germanic system)
• **saljaną, "to jump", < *sól-ye- or *sh̥́₂l-ye- = Latin saliō and Ancient Greek ἅλλομαι (hállomai)
• **taþaną, "to give" < *d(e)h₃-t-e-
  • Assuming a similar process that spawned *hlaþaną and *standaną from root aorists *kl(e)h₂-t- and *st(e)h₂-t-

Class 7

• **aidaną, "to burn, kindle" < *h₂éydʰ-e-
• **aiþaną, "to take along, fetch, use" < *h₃éyd- = Latin ūtor
• **anganą, "to narrow, tighten, strangle" < *h₂émǵʰ-e- = Ancient Greek ἄγχω (ánkhō), Latin angō
• **ankwaną, "to anoint" < *h₃én(n)gʷ- = Latin unguō

Weak

• **arkwijaną(< *arkujaną?) < *h₂erǵ-u-ye- = Latin arguō
• **faimunjaną, "to shepherd" < *poh₂i-mn̥-ye- = Ancient Greek ποιμαίνω (poimaínō)
• **faþjaną, "to be master, rule, govern" < *pót-(i)ye- = Latin potior, Sanskrit प्अत्यते (patyate)
• **saflijaną, "to prepare, make ready" = Ancient Greek ὁπλέω (hopléō)
• **sibiljaną, "to honor" = Latin sepeliō, Sanskrit सपर्यति (saparyati)