ped- (#ped-) peh₂- (#peh₂-) peh₂ǵ- (#peh₂ǵ-) peh₂ḱ- (#peh₂ḱ-) peh₂w- (#peh₂w-) peh₃- (#peh₃-) peḱ- (#peḱ-) pekʷ- (#pekʷ-) pel- (#pel-) pelH- (#pelH-) pelth₂- (#pelth₂-) pent- (#pent-) per- (#per-) perd- (#perd-) perḱ- (#perḱ-) pesd- (#pesd-) peth₂- (#peth₂-) peyǵ- (#peyǵ-) peyḱ- (#peyḱ-) peys- (#peys-) peysḱ- (#peysḱ-) pleh₁- (#pleh₁-) pleh₂- (#pleh₂-) pleḱ- (#pleḱ-) plew- (#plew-) plewd- (#plewd-) plewk- (#plewk-) pnew- (#pnew-) preh₂- (#preh₂-) preḱ- (#preḱ-) prews- (#prews-) preyH- (#preyH-) prk- (#prk-) reh₁d- (#reh₁d-) reh₁t- (#reh₁t-) reyǵ- (#reyǵ-)

P[edit]

ped-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]^[3]

to walk, to step
to stumble, to fall

Derived terms[edit]

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*péd-ye-ti (*ye-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pádyati (see there for further descendants)
*pi-péd-ti ~ *pi-pd-énti (reduplicated present)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հիւծանիմ (hiwcanim)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pibdáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pibdáti
    - Sanskrit: पिब्दमान (píbdamāna, pres.part.)
*pe-pód-e ~ *pe-pd-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *papā́da
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *papā́da
    - Sanskrit: पपाद (papā́da)
*pod-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pādáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pādáyati
    - Sanskrit: पादयति (pādáyati)
*ped-e-ti (innovative root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *fetaną (see there for further descendants)
*pṓd-s (“foot”)
*ped-om (“step”)
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒁕𒀭 (pe-e-da-an /⁠pēdan⁠/)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հետ (het), յետ (yet), ետ (et)
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸedom
  - (possibly) Old Irish: ed (“space, interval”)^[4]
- Proto-Germanic: *fetą
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πέδον (pédon, “ground”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *padám
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *padám
    - Sanskrit: पद (padá, “step”)
      - Hindi: पद (pad, “step”)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: (op)pidum
*ped-eh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *pédā
  - Ancient Greek: πέδη (pédē)
*pēd-ó-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pēdā́ˀ
  - Latgalian: pāda
  - Latvian: pēda
  - Lithuanian: pėdà (but also masculine pė́das)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πηδόν (pēdón, “oar blade”)
*ped-to-
- Proto-Italic: *pessom
  - Latin: pessum
*ped-yós
- Proto-Hellenic: *peďďos
  - Ancient Greek: πεζός (pezós, “afoot”)
*ped-yōs
- Proto-Italic: *pedjōs
  - Latin: pēior
*ped-tm̥mo-
- Proto-Italic: *pessəmos
  - Latin: pessimus
*ped-uro-
- Proto-Germanic: *feturaz (see there for further descendants)
*ped-tís
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *patˢtíš (“foot soldier”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *pěšь, *pěxъ, *pasti, *padati (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *fatōną
Proto-Italic:
- Latin: expediō
- Latin: impediō
- Latin: peccō (for *pedcō)

References[edit]

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 790-792
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ped-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 458
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*pad”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 287-288
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 136

peh₂-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]^[3]

to protect, to ward
to shepherd

Usage notes[edit]

Semantic shift from "protector" towards "shepherd, herder" can be seen in many branches, signifying the importance of herding. Unusual is the o-grade root in Greek ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd, herdsman”), where the abstract nomina agentis suffix *-mn̥ usually binds e-grade, but that hardly seems sufficient to reconstruct *h₃ in the root and to separate it from *peh₂-.

Derived terms[edit]

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*peh₂(y)-
- Proto-Albanian: *pa ̊
  - Albanian: pashë
*péh₂-ti ~ *ph₂-énti (athematic root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHti
    - Sanskrit: पाति (pā́ti)
  - Proto-Iranian: *páHti
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬝 (pāt̰)
*péh₂-s-ti ~ *ph₂-s-énti (s-present)^[4]^[5]
*ph₂-sḱé-ti (*sḱé-present)
- Proto-Italic: *pāskō (possibly; enlarged into a sḱe-present)
  - Latin: pāscō (“put to graze”)
- Proto-Tocharian: *pāsk-
  - Tocharian A: pās- ("to look after, guard")
  - Tocharian: paskenträ
*poh₂-t-éye- or *ph₂-t-éye- (enlarged causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *fōdijaną (“to feed”) (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πατέομαι (patéomai, “to eat”)
*ph₂-t-éh₂-(ye)-
- Proto-Germanic: *fadōną (“to graze, feed oneself”) (see there for further descendants)
*poh₂-mn̥
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πῶμα (pôma, “lid, cover”)
*poh₂-i-mn̥
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: piemuõ (“shepherd”)
  - → Proto-Finnic: *paimën (“shepherd”)
    - Finnish: paimen
    - Ingrian: paimen
    - Karelian:
      - North Karelian: paimen
      - South Karelian: paimen
    - Livonian: paint
    - Ludian: paimen
    - Veps: paimen
    - Votic: paimõn
- Hellenic:
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀡𐀕 (po-me, “shepherd”)
  - Ancient Greek: ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd, herdsman”)
*poh₂-yus
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paHyúš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paHyúṣ
    - Sanskrit: पायु (pāyú, “guard, protector”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *paHyúš
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬎 (pāiiu)
*ph₂tḗr (“father”)
*peh₂-tew-
- Iranian: *pātew-
  - Persian (pâda, “flock”)
  - Zazaki: pawetene (“to protect”), with metathesis
- Iranian: *ā-pāta- "city, cultivated"
  - Persian: آباد (âbâd, “inhabited, cultivated; city, habitation”)
  - Bactrian: αβαδο (abado, “cultivated”)
  - Kurdish:
    - Central Kurdish: awedan (“built; inhabited; florishing”)
    - Northern Kurdish: ava (“built; inhabited; florishing”)
- Iranian: *ā-pāta-na "city hall"
  - Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴 (a-p-d-a-n /⁠apadāna⁠/)
- Armenian *pawta- "flock" (with metathesis):
  - Old Armenian: հաւտ (hawt, “flock”)
  - Old Armenian: *հաւտաղ (*hawtał, “shepherd”)
    - Armenian: հոտաղ (hotaġ, “shepherd”)

*peh₂-lo-
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Sanskrit: पाल (pāla)
*peh₂-tro- (“guarder, protector, keeper”)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հաւրան (hawran, “herd”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtras
  - Proto-Iranian: *páHθrah
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (pāθra)
    - Middle Persian: pʾs (pās, “guard, watch”)
      - Persian: پاس (pâs)
    - Manichaean Middle Persian: pʾhr (pāhr, “watch-post”)
      - Persian: پهر (pahr)
    - → Old Armenian: պարհ (parh), պահ (pah)
    - → Middle Armenian: պահրան (pahran) (possibly)
- ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *patriti
*peh₂-dʰlom
- Italic:
  - Latin: pābulum
*peh₂-dʰrom
- Proto-Germanic: *fōdrą (“fodder, sheath”) (see there for further descendants)
*Péh₂-usōn^[6]
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: Πάν (Pán)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHšā́
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *puHṣā́
    - Sanskrit: पूषन् (pūṣán, “Vedic god of meeting, marriages, journeys, roads, and the feeding of cattle”)
*péh₂-tōr ~ ph₂-tr-és (“protector, guardian”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtā
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHtā
    - Sanskrit: पाता (pātā́, “protector, guardian”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *páHtā
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬙𐬁 (pātā)
Unsorted formations:
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հովիւ (hoviw, “shepherd”) < *h₃éwi-peh₂-
  - (?) Old Armenian: հայիմ (hayim, “to watch”)
- Proto-Germanic: *fōdô (“food”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *fōstrą (“fostering”) (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πῶυ (pôu, “flock of sheep”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paH-
  - Proto-Iranian: *paH-
    - Kurdish:
      - Northern Kurdish: payîn (“to wait, to anticipate”)
    - Old Persian: 𐎱𐎠 (p-a /⁠pā-⁠/)
      - Middle Persian: [script needed] (NTLWNtn'), to protect, guard (pʾtn' /⁠pādan⁠/)
        Persian: پاییدن (pâyidan)
- Italic:
  - Latin: panis
  - Latin: penes, penetrō
  - Latin: penus, Penātes
  - Umbrian: puni

References[edit]

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pā-: pə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 787
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pō(i)-: (pəi- ?:) pī-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 839
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*peh₂(i̯)-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 460
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “paḫš-^a(ri), paḫš-ⁱ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 707-709
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pasti I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 392
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 434

peh₂ǵ-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

*peh₂ḱ-

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]

to attach, fix, fasten

Derived terms[edit]

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peh₂ǵ-neu-^[3]
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πήγνυμι (pḗgnumi, “I secure, fasten”)
*ph₂ǵ-éh₂ye-ti (iterative or causative verb with *-eh₂yéti)
- Italic:
  - ⇒ Latin: prōpagō
*ph₂-né-ǵ- ~ *ph₂-n̥-ǵ- (nasal-infix present)^[4]
- Proto-Italic: *pangō
  - Latin: pangō (“I fasten, fix”) (see there for further descendants)
*ph₂ǵ-tós
- Italic:
  - Latin: pactus
*ph₂ǵ-eh₂
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πάγη (págē)
*peh₂ǵ-mn̥
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πῆγμα (pêgma)
- Italic:
  - ⇒ Latin: prōpagmen
*ph₂ǵ-o-^[3]
- Proto-Germanic: *faką (“enclosure, section”) (see there for further descendants)
*peh₂ǵ-os^[4]
- Proto-Italic: *pāgos
  - Latin: pāgus (“district, region”)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *pazъ (see there for further descendants)
*péh₂ǵ-s (nomen actionis)
- Hellenic:
  - ⇒? Ancient Greek: ἅπαξ (hápax)
*p(e)h₂ǵ-sleh₂
- Proto-Italic: *pākslā
  - Latin: pāla
*p(e)h₂ǵ-slo-
- Proto-Italic: *pākslos
  - Latin: pālus (“stake, pole”)
*p(e)h₂ǵ-slo-lo-
- Proto-Italic: *pākslolos
  - Latin: paxillus
*peh₂ǵ-sno-
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πάχνη (pákhnē)
*ph₂ǵ-y(e)h₂-lo-
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πάσσαλος (pássalos)
    - → Latin: pessulus
*peh₂ǵ-dʰlo-
- Italic:
  - ⇒ Latin: repāgulum
(possibly) *ph₂ǵ-sth₂-^[5]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հաստ (hast)
- Proto-Germanic: *fastuz (see there for further descendants)
  - → Proto-Slavic: *postъ (“fasting”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Albanian:
  - Proto-Albanian: *en-pāginja^[6]
    - Albanian: mpij (“to benumb”)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: աստեմ (astem, “to look for a bride; ask in marriage”)
- Celtic:
  - Welsh: aelod (“a member”)
- Italic:
  - Latin: pāgina (“page, sheet”)
  - ⇒ Latin: compāgēs, prōpāgēs
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πάγος (págos, “cliff, peak”), πάσσαλος (pássalos) (perhaps), πηγή (pēgḗ) (perhaps), πηγός (pēgós)

References[edit]

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 787–788
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*faka-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pangō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fastu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 138
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “mpij”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 279

peh₂ḱ-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

*peh₂ǵ-

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]

to join, to attach
agreement, settlement

Derived terms[edit]

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*ph₂ḱ- (zero-grade root present)
- Proto-Italic: *pakō
  - Latin: pacō (“to come to an agreement”) (infinitive pacere) (see there for further descendants)
*ph₂-né-ḱ- ~ *ph₂-n̥-ḱ- (nasal-infix present)
- Proto-Germanic: *fanhaną (“to catch, to take”) (see there for further descendants)
*poh₂ḱ-éye- (causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *fōgijaną (“to join”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paHćáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paHśáyati
    - Sanskrit: पाशयति (pāśáyati)
*péh₂ḱ-s
- Proto-Italic: *pāks
  - Latin: pāx
*ph₂ḱ-ró-s
- Proto-Germanic: *fagraz (“fair”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *pakros
  - Umbrian: pacer
*ph₂ḱ-tó-
- Italic:
  - Latin: pactum (“settlement”)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Germanic: *faganaz (“glad”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Slavic: *pěkrъ

References[edit]

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

peh₂w-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr

few, little
smallness

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*peh₂u-kos^[1]
- Proto-Italic: *paukos
  - Latin: paucus
  - Latin: pūpa/pūpus (possibly reduplicated)^[2]
  - Latin: putus, pūsus, pusillus, pauxillus, pullus
*péh₂u-ros^[3]^[4]^[1]
- Proto-Hellenic: *pā́uros
  - Ancient Greek: παῦρος (paûros), φαῦλος (phaûlos)
- Proto-Italic: *pauros, *paurelos
  - Latin: parvus, paullus/paulus
*péh₂w-ids^[5]
- Proto-Hellenic: *pā́wits
  - Epic Aeolic Greek: πάϊς (páïs)
  - Attic-Ionic Greek: παῖς (paîs), παῦς (paûs)
*peh₂w(o)-p(o)rh₃os (“providing little”)^[6]
- Proto-Italic: *pawoparos
  - Latin: pauper
*ph₂w-er-os^[7]
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸuweros
  - Proto-Brythonic: *uwer
    - Middle Welsh: wyr
      - Welsh: ŵyr
- Proto-Italic: *puweros
  - Latin: puer
*ph₂w-os
- Proto-Germanic: *fawaz (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Albanian:
  - Proto-Albanian:
    - Albanian: palo
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: փոքր (pʿokʿr) (probably an expressive formation)^[8]^[9]^[10]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *putas,^[11] *pautas (“little, young of a bird”)
  - ⇒ Latvian: putns (“bird”)
  - ⇒ Lithuanian: putýtis (“chick”)
  - Sudovian: paud (“bird”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *pъtъ, *putъ
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *pъtakъ, *pъtica (“bird”), *pъtъka/*putъka (“fowl, duck”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *putrás (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Sanskrit: पोत (pota, “young of an animal”)

References[edit]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “paucus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 450-451
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pūpa”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 500
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “παῦρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1158
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “parvus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 448
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “παῖς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1142-1142
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pauper”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 451
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “puer”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 496
^ Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1979) “փոքր”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, page 530ab
^ Solta, G. R. (1960) Die Stellung des Armenischen im Kreise der indogermanischen Sprachen (Studien zur armenischen Geschichte; 9)‎^[4] (in German), Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, pages 361–362
^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 165
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pъtakъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 424

peh₃-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]

to drink
Synonym: *h₁egʷʰ-

Derived terms[edit]

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*pí-ph₃-e-ti (thematic reduplicated present)
*péh₃-mn̥
- Proto-Hellenic: *pṓmə
  - Ancient Greek: πῶμα (pôma), πόμα (póma)
*péh₃-ti-s ~ *ph₃-téy-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *pótis
  - Ancient Greek: πόσις (pósis)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pHtíš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pHtíṣ
    - Sanskrit: पीति (pītí)
*ph₃-tó-s (“(having been) drunk; having drunk”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *potós
  - Ancient Greek: ποτός (potós, “drunk; that which drinks; drink, for drinking”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pHtás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pHtás
    - Sanskrit: पीत (pitá, “(having been) drunk; having drunk, imbibed; saturated”)
      - Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀻𑀅 (pīa)
      - Pali: pīta
      - Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀧𑀻𑀤 (pīda)
- Proto-Italic: *pōtos
  - Latin: pōtus
    - → Italian: poto
    - ⇒ Latin: pōtō (see there for further descendants)
*péh₃-tlo-m
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸotlom
  - Old Irish: ól
    - Irish: ól
    - Manx: oyl
    - Scottish Gaelic: òl
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtram
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHtram
    - Sanskrit: पात्र (pā́tra) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *pōtlom
  - Latin: pōculum (see there for further descendants)

*pih₃- (reanalyzed) or *peh₃-y- (extended)
- Proto-Albanian: *pīja^[2]
  - Old Albanian: pii
    - Albanian: pi
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *piti (see there for further descendants)
- *pih₃-n-
  - Proto-Albanian:
    - Albanian: pinë
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: πῑ́νω (pī́nō)
      - Ionic Greek: πῑ́νω (pī́nō)
      - Lesbian Greek: πώνω (pṓnō)
      - Greek: πίνω (píno)
  - Thracian: πίνον (pínon, “beer”)
- *pih₃-wo-m
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - Proto-Slavic: *pivo (“beer”) (see there for further descendants)
- *poh₃y-éye-ti
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - Proto-Slavic: *pojiti (“to give to drink”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Balto-Slavic:
- Old Prussian: poieti
- Proto-Slavic: *pojь (“beverage, drink”)
Proto-Hellenic: *pótos
- Ancient Greek: πότος (pótos)

References[edit]

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “pi”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, pages 324–325

peḱ-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]

to pluck (wool, hair)

Derived terms[edit]

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*péḱ-ti
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πέκω (pékō, “to comb”)
*peḱ-te-ti (perhaps by metathesis from *petḱ- < *pe-pḱ- or the same seen in *pléḱ-te-ti)
- Proto-Germanic: *fehtaną (“to comb, detangle, struggle”)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πεκτέω (pektéō, “to shear”)
- Proto-Italic: *pektō
  - Latin: pectō (“to comb”)
*poḱ-os-
- Proto-Germanic: *fahaz (“sheep”)
*poḱ-o-
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πόκος (pókos)
*poḱ-ti-
- Proto-Germanic: *fahtiz (“fleece”)
  - Old English: feht
  - Old Frisian: fecht
  - Middle Dutch: vacht
    - Dutch: vacht
*p(e)ḱ-tén-s
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: κτείς (kteís)
- Italic:
  - Latin: pecten
*poḱ-s-om
- Proto-Germanic: *fahsą
*poḱ-s-mn̥
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páćšma (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: pešù, pèšti (“to pluck, tear (of hair)”), iterative pašýti (“to brawl”)

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[2]

Benviste (1969: 47-61) proposed that the primary meaning was "movable property, wealth", with a secondary meaning of "livestock" simply because this was how wealth was measured by the Proto-Indo-Europeans (and many descendant cultures). In corroboration, Kim McCone (1991:43-44) highlights wealth- and/or status-oriented terms such as Old Irish (am)bue, Homeric Greek -boios, and Sanskrit -guh.

Derived terms[edit]

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*peḱ-u
*péḱ-os ~ *péḱ-es-os
- Proto-Hellenic: *pékos
  - Ancient Greek: πέκος (pékos, “fleece, wool”)
- Proto-Italic: *pekos
  - Latin: pecus (“cattle”) (see there for further descendants)

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[3]

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*peḱ- (root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *fehaną (“to rejoice”)
  - Old English: gefēon (“to be glad”), fægen (“glad”, past participle)
    - English: fain
  - Old High German: gifehan (“to be glad”)
  - Old Norse: feginn (past participle)
    - Icelandic: feginn
    - Faroese: fegin
    - Norwegian: fegen
*poḱ-éye- (causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *fagjaną (“to please”)
  - Gothic: *𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*fahjan) (in 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fullafahjan))
Unsorted formations:
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: púošiu (“adorn”)
- Celtic:
  - Middle Irish: perhaps āil (“pleasant”)
- Germanic:
  - Old Norse: fága (“adorn, polish”)
  - Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌸𐍃 (fahēþs, “joy”)

References[edit]

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pectō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pecū”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[7], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

pekʷ-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr (imperfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]

to cook
to ripen

Reconstruction[edit]

It has been suggested^[4]^[5] that Hittite and Lydian terms which point to a root *pekʷ- (“to pound, crush, crack (grain)”) may preserve the original meaning of the PIE root, which later shifted in meaning to “to prepare food, cook” by the ancestor of the non-Anatolian branches.

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*pékʷ-e-ti (root present)^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]
*pékʷ-ye-ti (full-grade ye-present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *péťťō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páčyatay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páćyatay
    - Sanskrit: पच्यते (pácyate)
*pékʷ-mn̥ ~ *pkʷ-mén-
- Proto-Hellenic: *pékʷmə
  - Ancient Greek: πέμμᾰ (pémma)
*pékʷ-tis ~ *pkʷ-téy-^[12]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *péktis (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pékʷtis
  - Ancient Greek: πέψῐς (pépsis)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pákti ~ *paktí
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pákti ~ *paktí
    - Sanskrit: पक्ति (pákti, paktí)
- Proto-Italic: *kʷektjō
  - Latin: coctiō
*pekʷ-tḗr ~ *pkʷ-trés
- Proto-Hellenic: *pekʷtēr
  - Ancient Greek: πέπτρια (péptria)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paktā́
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paktā́
    - Sanskrit: पक्तृ (paktṛ́)
*pékʷ-tōr ~ *pkʷ-trés
- Proto-Italic: *kʷektōr
  - Latin: coctor
*pókʷ-o-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *pókʷos
  - Ancient Greek: ἀρτοκόπος (artokópos)
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀵𐀡𐀦 (a-to-po-qo /⁠artopókʷos⁠/)
- Proto-Italic: *kʷokʷos
  - Latin: coquus (see there for further descendants)
*pokʷ-tó-s^[13]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paktas (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *kʷoxtos (see there for further descendants)
- (perhaps) Proto-Hellenic: *pekʷtós
  - Ancient Greek: πεπτός (peptós)
- Proto-Italic: *kʷoktos
  - Latin: coctus
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páktas
  - Proto-Iranian: *páktah
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬗𐬙𐬀 (pacta)
Unsorted formations:
- >? Proto-Anatolian: *pekʷ-^[5]^[4]
  - Hittite:
    - ⇒ Hittite: 𒉺𒀝𒆪𒍑𒃷𒍣 (pa-ak-ku-uš-kán-zi, “pound, crack, crush, grind”, impf.3pl.pres.act.)^[14]
    - ⇒ Hittite: 𒉺𒀝𒋗𒉿𒀭 (pa-ak-šu-wa-an /⁠pak(kuš)šuu̯ant-⁠/, “cracked (of grain)”)^[14]
    - ⇒ Hittite: 𒉺𒀝𒆪𒍑𒋗𒅈 n (pa-ak-ku-uš-šu-ar /⁠pakkušš(u)u̯ar⁠/, “wooden implement for crushing cereals”)^[14]
  - ⇒ Lydian: 𐤥𐤹𐤡𐤠𐤲𐤶𐤫𐤯 (wcpaqẽnt, “tramples upon”, 3sg.pres.ind.act.)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: पक्व (pakva) (see there for further descendants)

References[edit]

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1.*pek^u̯-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 798
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1.*pek^u̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 468
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πέσσω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1180-1181
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Janda, Michael (2000) Eleusis: Das indogermanische Erbe der Mysterien (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; Hauptreihe, 96), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, pages 49–51
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Sasseville, David, Rieken, Elisabeth, Steer, Thomas (2017–) “*pek^u̯-”, in Olav Hackstein, Jared L. Miller & Elisabeth Rieken, editors, Digital Philological-Etymological Dictionary of the Minor Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages (eDiAna)‎^[8], München & Marburg
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “pjek”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 329
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pektì”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 393
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “kepti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 237-238
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kʷokʷ-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page page180
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*pač”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 286-287
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “coquō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 134
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pȇktь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 393
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pȏtъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 415
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “pakkušš-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 618–619

pel-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]

to cover, to wrap
skin, hide, cloth

Derived terms[edit]

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*pel-ḗn ~ *pl̥-nés
- *pl-ēn-(y)éh₂^[3]^[4]^[5]
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plėni(a) (“membrane”)
    - Latvian: plēne
    - Lithuanian: plėnė̃, plėnìs
    - Old Prussian: pleynis
    - Proto-Slavic: *plěnà (see there for further descendants)
- *pél-en-(e)h₂ ~ *pl-én-(e)h₂^[3]^[6]^[4]
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - Proto-Slavic: *pelenà (“diaper”), *pelna (see there for further descendants)
- *pel-nó-m^[5]^[3]
  - Proto-Germanic: *fellą (“skin, hide”)^[5] (see there for further descendants)
- *pl̥-n-eh₂
  - >? Proto-Italic: *palnā
    - >? Latin: palla (“a fine cloth”) (see there for further descendants)
- *pel-n-i-s^[4]^[5]
  - Proto-Italic: *pelnis
    - Latin: pellis (“pelt, hide”) (see there for further descendants)
*pél-mn̥
- ⇒? *pel-mo-s
  - Proto-Germanic: *felmaz (“covering, skin, hide”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *felmô (< collective *pél-mō)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pélmə
  - Ancient Greek: πέλμᾰ (pélma, “sole (of the foot); stalk”)
    - Greek: πέλμα (pélma)
*pél-sḱo-s
- Proto-Albanian: *plaska
  - Albanian: plah (“to cover”, denominative)
*pél-trom
- >? Proto-Celtic: *ɸletrom (“skin, hide; leather”) (with vowel metathesis)
  - Proto-Brythonic: *lledr (see there for further descendants)
  - Middle Irish: lethar
  - →? Proto-Germanic: *leþrą (“leather”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: palà (“linen kerchief”)

Extensions

*pel-k-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Old Prussian: pelkis (“cloak”)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *felhaną (“to hide, conceal; to bury; to adhere”) (see there for further descendants)
*pel-t-
- ⇒? *polto- (or substantivized from *pol-to-)
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *poltьno (“linen”) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Ancient Greek: πέλτη (péltē) (via Thracian?) (see there for further descendants)
*pl-ew- (or a u-variant of *pleh₂-?)^[7]
- ⇒ *plēw-eh₂
  - ⇒? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plēwāˀ (“membrane”)
    - Lithuanian: plėvė̃
    - Proto-Slavic: *plěva (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *h₁epi-plow-yo-m
  - >? Proto-Hellenic: *epiplóyyon
    - Ancient Greek: ἐπίπλοον (epíploon) (see there for further descendants)
⇒? *pl-eh₂- or *pel-h₂-
- ⇒ *pleh₂-s-o-s
  - Proto-Anatolian:
    - >? Hittite: 𒉺𒆷𒄴𒊭𒀸 (pa-la-aḫ-ša-aš, “a garment”) (or from *pleh₂- (“wide, broad, flat”))^[8]
- ⇒ *pélh₂-t-^?
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - >? Ancient Greek: *πέλας (*pélas) (or from Pre-Greek)
      - >? Ancient Greek: ἐρυσίπελας (erusípelas) (+ *h₁rewdʰ-ti-^?) (see there for further descendants)

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr (perhaps the same as the above)

to fold

Extensions[edit]

*pleḱ-

Derived terms[edit]

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*pl-okos
- Proto-Iranian: *frakah
  - Parthian: (/⁠-frag⁠/, “-fold”)
    Manichaean script: -𐫜𐫡𐫃 (-frg) (e.g. 𐫅𐫇𐫜𐫡𐫃 (dwfrg /⁠dōfrag⁠/, “two-fold”) )
  - Classical Persian: پر (-pirr)
    Iranian Persian: پر (-per(r)), پل (-pel, “-fold”) (e.g. in Shushtari dialect (dôper, “two-fold”)) ^[9]
*pl-o-
- Proto-Hellenic: *-plós
  - Ancient Greek: -πλός (-plós) (e.g. ἁπλός (haplós), διπλός (diplós))
- Proto-Italic: *-plos
  - Latin: -plus (e.g. simplus, duplus)
*pé-pl-os (reduplicated thematic noun)
- Proto-Hellenic: *péplos
  - >? Ancient Greek: πέπλος (péplos, “woven cloth, fabric, carpet”)
*pel-t-
- Proto-Germanic: *falþaną
*pl̥-t-o-
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸaltom (“joint”)
  - Old Irish: alt
    - Irish: alt
    - Scottish Gaelic: alt
⇒ *pl̥-h₂-t-yo-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: -πλάσιος (-plásios), -πλήσιος (-plḗsios) (e.g. τριπλάσιος (triplásios))
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *palā
  - Albanian: palë
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: -πλόος (-plóos), -πλοῦς (-ploûs) (e.g. ἁπλόος (haplóos), ἁπλοῦς (haploûs), διπλόος (diplóos), διπλοῦς (diploûs))

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr

to beat, push, drive

Extensions[edit]

*pel-d-
- *pel-d
  - Proto-West Germanic: *felt (see there for further descendants)
*pel-em-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πελεμίζω (pelemízō)
*pel-h₂-

*pl-eh₂-k-
- *pl-(e)h₂-k-ye-ti
  - Proto-Hellenic: *plāťťō
    - Ancient Greek: πλήσσω (plḗssō)
    - Attic Greek: πλήττω (plḗttō)
      - → Greek: πλήττω (plítto)
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plā́ˀktei
    - Proto-Slavic: *plakati (see there for further descendants)
- *pl-eh₂-k-tro-
  - Proto-Hellenic: *plā́ktrom
    - Ancient Greek: πλᾶκτρον (plâktron), πλῆκτρον (plêktron) (see there for further descendants)

*pl-eh₂-g-
- *pleh₂-g-e-ti (thematic present)
  - Proto-Germanic: *flōkaną (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Italic: *plāgō
    - Latin: plāgō (see there for further descendants)
- *pl(e)h₂-n-g-e-ti
  - Proto-Italic: *plāngō
    - Latin: plangō (see there for further descendants)
- *pl(e)h₂-g-ye-ti
  - Proto-Hellenic: *plā́ďďō
    - Ancient Greek: πλάζω (plázō)
- *pl(e)h₂-g-éh₂
  - Proto-Albanian: *plāgā^[10]
    - Albanian: plojë (“bloodshed, carnage”)
  - Proto-Hellenic: *plāgā́ (“slaughter”)
    - Ancient Greek: πλαγά (plagá), πληγή (plēgḗ, “blow (of a weapon)”)
  - Proto-Italic: *plāgā
    - Latin: plāga (“blow; slaughter; plague, misfortune”) (see there for further descendants)
- Unsorted formations:
  - >? Proto-Germanic: *flekkaz (“mark, spot, blemish”) (see there for further descendants)
  - >? Proto-Germanic: *flekkô (see there for further descendants)

*pl-eh₁-k-t-
- *pl-éh₁-k-t-e-ti
  - Proto-Italic: *plēktō
    - Latin: plēctō

Derived terms[edit]

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*pol-ye-ti
- Proto-Italic: *poljō
  - Latin: poliō
*pol-eh₂-yé-ti
- Proto-Italic: *polāō
  - Latin: (inter)polō
*pl̥-yé-ti
- Proto-Hellenic: *pə́ľľō
  - Ancient Greek: πάλλω (pállō)
*pl̥-né-ti ~ *pl̥-n-énti
- Proto-Italic: *pelnō
  - Latin: pellō
*pl̥-tós
- Proto-Hellenic: *plətós
  - Ancient Greek: παλτός (paltós) (by analogy to πάλλω)
- Proto-Italic: *poltos
  - ⇒ Latin: pultō
Unsorted formations:
- Ancient Greek: πόλεμος (pólemos) (perhaps)

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr (perhaps related to the above root, i.e. resulting from beating)

flour, dust

Derived terms[edit]

Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πάλη (pálē)
  - Ancient Greek: πόλτος (póltos)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: puls
  - Latin: pulvis
  - Latin: pollen

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[11]

alternative reconstruction of *pelH- (“pale, gray”)

References[edit]

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fella-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pellis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 455
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Derksen, Rick (2015) “plėnė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 365: “*pl-ēn-”
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pellis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 455: “*pelni-”
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fella-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135: “*pel-nó-”
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pelenà; *pelna”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 394
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*plěva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 405
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “^(TÚG)palaḫša-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 619
^ [9], "دوپر" in Dehkhoda Dictionary.
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎^[10], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page ploje
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “falwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Julius Pokorny (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, in 3 vols, Bern, München: Francke Verlag

pelH-[edit]

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pelh₁- and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pelh₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Alternative reconstructions[edit]

*pel-^[1]

Etymology[edit]

Possibly related to Proto-Uralic *piľe (“dark”).

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[2]

pale, gray

Derived terms[edit]

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*polH-nó-s
- Proto-Italic: *polnos
  - Latin: pullus (see there for further descendants)
*pelH-tó-s, *pl̥H-tós
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸlētos (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *palHtás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *palHtás
    - Sanskrit: पलित (palitá, “gray”) (see there for further descendants)
*pl̥H-kó-s
- Proto-Albanian: *plaka
  - Albanian: plak (old man)
*polH-wos
- Proto-Germanic: *falwaz (see there for further descendants)
- ? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *palwas (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ալի (ali, “gray hair; wave”)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: pelēks
  - Lithuanian: pelekas, pìlkas
  - Old Prussian: pelē
  - Slavic:
    - East Slavic:
      - Russian: пелёсый (peljósyj)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parHušás (see there for further descendants)
- Italic:
  - Latin: palleō; pallidus
- Ancient Macedonian: [script needed] (pellus)

References[edit]

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “falwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “vaal”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[11] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

pelth₂-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Etymology[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr (perfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

flat
Synonym: *pleh₂-

Derived terms[edit]

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*pléth₂-t ~ *pl̥th₂-ént (perfective)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prátʰat
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prátʰat
    - Sanskrit: प्रथान (prathāná)
*pléth₂-eti ~ *pléth₂-onti (thematic imperfective)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: plė̃sti
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prátʰati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prátʰati
    - Sanskrit: प्रथते (práthate)
  - Proto-Iranian: *práθatī
    - Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (fraθasauuah)
*ploth₂-éyeti (causative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pratʰáyati
    - Sanskrit: प्रथयति (pratháyati)
*pl(e)th₂-mṓ
- Proto-Hellenic: *plətamṓn
  - Ancient Greek: πλᾰτᾰμών (platamṓn)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰHmán
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pratʰHmán
    - Sanskrit: प्रथिमन् (prathimán)
*pléth₂-os ~ *pléth₂-es- (see there for further descendants)
*pléth₂-us, *pl̥th₂-éwih₂ (see there for further descendants)
*plet-yo- (*h₂ deleted due to Pinault's law)^[5]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *pleťè (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸletyos^[6]
  - Old Irish: leithe
*pl̥th₂-enós
*pl̥th₂-ó-s
- Proto-Germanic: *fuldō (“earth, ground”)^[7] (< *pl̥th₂-éh₂) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *plətā (< *pl̥th₂-éh₂)
  - Ancient Greek: πλᾰ́τη (plátē)
    Ancient Greek: πλᾰ́τᾱ (plátā)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥tʰás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥tʰás
    - Sanskrit: पृथ (pṛthá)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: plokščia

References[edit]

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “plā̆t- (plā̆d-), plē̆t-, plō̆t-, plət-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 833-834
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*pleth₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 486-487
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*pleth₂-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 564-566
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, pages 83, 133, 539
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pletjè”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 404
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*fletyo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 134
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “fuldō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 159

pent-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]

to pass
path

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*pént-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *finþaną (“to find”) (see there for further descendants)
*pónt-oh₁-s (“path, road”) (see there for further descendants)
*pn̥t-tós
- Proto-Germanic: *funsaz
*pōntH- (probably spurious^[2])
- Celtic:
  - Old Irish: áitt (“place”)
    - Irish: áit
    - Scottish Gaelic: àite
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Germanic: *fanþijaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-West Germanic: *fanþijō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *fandōną (see there for further descendants)

References[edit]

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*yantī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 433-434

per-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr

before, in front
first

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*pér-i (locative)
- Proto-Albanian: *per(i)
  - Albanian: për
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per
  - Lithuanian: per, per-, par-
  - Latvian: par, par-
  - Old Prussian: per
  - Proto-Slavic: *per, *per- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *firi- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: περί (perí), πέρ (pér) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pári
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pári
    - Sanskrit: परि (pári) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pári
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (paⁱri)
      - → Persian: پیراـ (pirâ-, “peri-”, prefix)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: per (see there for further descendants)
*per-nóy
- Proto-Germanic: *ferrai (see there for further descendants)
*pér-o-
- Proto-Anatolian: *péro-
  - Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran), 𒁉𒊏𒀭 (peran)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā), πέρᾱν (pérān) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pára
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pára
    - Sanskrit: पर (pára) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pára
    - ? Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”) (archaic)
- Proto-Italic:
  - ⇒ Latin: (per)perus, (per)peram
    - → Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)
⇒ *pér-uti (“last year”) (with *wet- (“year”))
*por-so-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō), πόρρω (pórrhō)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: porrō
*pr̥-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πάρ (pár)
- Proto-Italic: *por-
  - Latin: por-
*pr-eh₂-
*pr-és
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)
*pr-é-ti, *pr-ó-ti (“towards, against”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *preti
  - Latgalian: pret, pretim, preteims
  - Latvian: pret, pretī, pretējs
  - Proto-Slavic: *proti, *protivъ
    - Bulgarian: проти́в (protív), проти (proti) (dialectal)
    - Czech: proti
    - Polish: przeciw
    - Macedonian: против (protiv)
    - Ukrainian: про́ти (próty)
    - Russian: про́тив (prótiv)
    - Serbo-Croatian:
      - Cyrillic script: про̏тив
      - Latin script: prȍtiv
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: προτί (protí), πρός (prós) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práti
    - Sanskrit: प्रति (práti) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pati-
    - Old Persian: 𐎱𐎫𐎡𐏁 (p-t-i-š)
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (paⁱti)
- ⇒ *pr-e-ti-om
  - Proto-Italic: *pretjom
    - Latin: pretium (see there for further descendants)
*pr-éy (dative)
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Proto-Luwic: *prī
    - Luwian: 𒉺𒊑𒄿 (/⁠pri⁠/)^[1]
- Proto-Italic:
  - Old Latin: prī
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *prei
  - Latvian: prie-, pie-, pie
  - Lithuanian: priẽ, príe-
  - Old Prussian: prei
  - Proto-Slavic: *pri (see there for further descendants)
*pr-ey-wo-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: prīvus
*pr-i-is
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs
  - Gaulish: ris
  - Old Irish: ré
    - Irish: roimh
    - Scottish Gaelic: ro
*pr-i-is-ḱo-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: prīscus
*pr-i-is-m̥mos
- Proto-Italic: *priisemos, *prīsemos
  - Latin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)
*pr-i-is-tn̥-o- (with *ten-)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: prīstinus (see there for further descendants)
*pr-i-n-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín) (see there for further descendants)
*pr-is-to-
- Proto-Germanic: *furistaz (see there for further descendants)
*pr-i-yōs
- Proto-Italic: *priōs
  - Latin: prior (see there for further descendants)
*pr-ó, *pr-óH (allative)
*pr̥H-e/o-s^[2]
- Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a
  - Albanian: përpara
    - Albanian: para
*pr̥s- ~ *pors-V́-
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)
*pŕ̥-to-
- Proto-Germanic: *furþą (see there for further descendants)
*pr̥-tero-
- Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz
  - Proto-West Germanic: *furþar (see there for further descendants)
*pr-u-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *frumô (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰamás (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Tocharian: *pre^[3]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr (perhaps related to previous root, as "front" > "go forth" or vice versa)

to go through
to carry forth, fare

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*pér-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō
  - Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)
*per-eh₂-yé-ti
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō) (see there for further descendants)
*por-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *pariti (see there for further descendants)
  - ? Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”), *farjǭ (“ferry”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”) (formed from primary *faraną) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati
    - Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)
*por-ti (o-grade root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *faraną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἔπορον (époron)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: pere^[4]
*pí-por-ti (o-grade reduplicated present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti
    - Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti, “to bring across”)
*pr̥-t-eh₂-yé-ti
- Proto-Italic: *portāō
  - Latin: portō (see there for further descendants)
  - Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust
*pr̥-h₂-k-yé-ti
- Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō
  - Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)
*pér-tu-s (“crossing”)
*pér-wr̥ ~ *pr̥-wén-s
*por-dʰmo-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)
*pōr-i-s
- Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”) (see there for further descendants)
*pór-mo-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas
  - Proto-Slavic: *pormъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”) (see there for further descendants)
*por-os
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸoros (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás
    - Sanskrit: पार (pārá, “crossing”)
*por-teh₂
- Proto-Italic: *portā
  - Latin: porta (see there for further descendants)
  - Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)
  - Umbrian: [script needed] (pertome)
*por-ti-s
- Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations
- Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)
  - Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)
- Proto-Albanian: *priś
  - Albanian: prish
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr (perhaps related to previous root, as "go forth" > "try"/"risk")

to try, dare, risk

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*per-ih₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa
  - Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra)
*per-ih₂-ye-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: (com)periō, (ex)perior, (op)perior
*per-ih₂-to-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: perītus
*per-ih₂-tlom
- Proto-Italic: *perītlom
  - Latin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)
*per-h₃-
- Proto-Germanic: *fērō, *fērą (“danger”) (see there for further descendants)

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr (or *perH-)

to sell

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*per-eh₂-yé-ti
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō)
*por-neh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *pórnē
  - Ancient Greek: πόρνη (pórnē)
    - Greek: πόρνη f (pórni, “prostitute”)
    - ⇒ Old Armenian: պոռնիկ (poṙnik)
      - Armenian: պոռնիկ (poṙnik)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: πέρνημι (pérnēmi)
- Ancient Greek: πιπράσκω (pipráskō)
Proto-Italic:
- Latin: pars (see there for further descendants)
- Latin: portiō (see there for further descendants)
- ? Latin: pār (see there for further descendants)

References[edit]

^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “para”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 311: “IE”
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “enepre”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 89
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “akwam-pere”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 4

Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 810
Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 816‒818

perd-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr (imperfective)^[1]

to fart loudly, pass gas, break wind

Synonyms[edit]

*pesd-

Derived terms[edit]

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*pérd-e-tor (deponent thematic root present)
*pr̥d-éh₁ye-ti (stative)^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pirdḗˀtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *pьrdě̀ti (see there for further descendants)
*pr̥d-kéh₂^[3]
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸrikkā
  - Proto-Brythonic: *rex
    - Welsh: rhech
*pr̥d-u-s^[4]
- Proto-Germanic: *furtuz, *fertaną (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-West Germanic: *furtu (see there for further descendants)

References[edit]

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*perd-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 473
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pьrdě̀ti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 428
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “frikkā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*furtu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 162

perḱ-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]

Derived terms[edit]

*perḱ-ó-s^[1]
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸerkos (“perch, salmon”)^[3]
  - Primitive Irish: ᚓᚏᚉᚐ (Erca)
    - Old Irish: erc
      - Middle Irish: erch
- Proto-Hellenic: *perkós
  - Ancient Greek: *περκός (*perkós)^[4]
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πέρκη (pérkē, “perch”)
      - → Latin: perca (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πέρκος (pérkos, “type of hawk”)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκαίνω (perkaínō)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκάς (perkás)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκάζω (perkázō)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκόομαι (perkóomai)
*pérḱ-ont-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-n̥t-és
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥ćáns ~ *pr̥ćatás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥śáns ~ *pr̥śatás
    - Sanskrit: पृशत् (pr̥śat, “spotted, speckled; spotted antelope, spotted doe”)
*pérḱ-u-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-éw-s
- ⇒ *porḱw-ó-s^[1]^[2]^[5]
  - Proto-Germanic: *farwaz (“colored, colorful”) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *farwō (“colour”) (see there for further descendants)
*pṓrḱ-s ~ *perḱ-és
- Proto-Hellenic: *pṓrx
  - Ancient Greek: πρόξ (próx, “roe deer”), προκᾰ́ς (prokás)
  - Ancient Greek: πρώξ (prṓx, “roe deer”)
*pr̥ḱ-nó-s^[1]^[4]
- Proto-Hellenic: *prəknós, *perknós (secondary full-grade^[6])
  - Ancient Greek: περκνός (perknós, “dark, having dark spots”)
  - Ancient Greek: πρακνόν (praknón, “dark”, acc.sg.m.)
- Proto-Albanian: *prikna
  - ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *priknjā^[7]
    - Albanian: *prënjë
      - ⇒ Albanian: prënjkë (“freckle, sunspot”)
- ⇒ *pr̥ḱn-éh₂^[1]^[8]
  - Proto-Germanic: *furhnō (“trout”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *pŕ̥ḱn-i-s^[9]
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥ćniš
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥śniṣ
      - Sanskrit: पृश्नि (pṛ́śni, “colorful, spotted”)
    - Proto-Iranian: *pŕ̥cniš
      - Middle Persian: plš (parš, “spotted, speckled”)
      - Mazanderani: برجی (barji)
*pr̥ḱ-ró-s^[10]
- Proto-Italic: *porkros
  - >? Old Latin: polcher (dissimilated from *porcer^[2], but disputed^[11])
    - Latin: pulcher (“beautiful”) (see there for further descendants)

References[edit]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “2. perk̑-, prek̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 820-821: “perk̑o-, pork̑o-, perk̑-no-, pr̥k̑-no-; *pr̥k̑-nā; *perk̑-nā; *porḱ-u̯ó-; *perk-ro-s zu *pelcro-, *polcro-”
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*perk̑-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 537: “OLat polcher dissimilated from *porcer < *porcros”
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ferko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 128: “*perḱ-no-”
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “περκνός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1178: “*περκός; *pr̥ḱ-n-; *perḱ-n-; *porḱ-uó-”
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*farwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 130: “*prḱ-ni-; *porḱ-uó-; *perḱ-no; *pérḱ-o-; *pelḱ-ro- for *perḱ-ro-”
^ Beek, Lucien van (2013) “The development of the Proto-Indo-European syllabic liquids in Greek”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎^[12], page 279
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “Sobreira/PIE roots pr”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 344
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*furhnō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*prḱ-neh₂-”
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “pṛ́śni-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[13] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag: “*pr̥ḱ-n-”
^ Balles, Irene (2009) “Zu den i-stämmigen Adjektiven des Lateinischen”, in Proto-language and Prehistory: Akten der XII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, vom 11. bis 15. Oktober 2004 in Krakau (in German), Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, page 15: “*pr̥ḱró-”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pulcher”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 496

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]

to open, rip up
to dig

Derived terms[edit]

*perḱ-ō~*pr̥ḱ-n-és
- Proto-Germanic: *ferhô^[3]
  - Old Norse: *feri
    - Norwegian: fere (“ridge between two furrows”) (dialectal)
*pórḱ-ono-s^[4]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párćānas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *párśānas
    - Sanskrit: पर्शान (párśāna, “chasm”)
*pórḱ-o-s (“piglet”)^[5]^[6]^[7]
*pr̥ḱ-eh₂^[8]^[9]^[10]
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸrikā (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *enterɸrikā^[11]^[12]
    - Middle Irish: etarche
- Proto-Italic: *porkā
  - Latin: porca (see there for further descendants)
>? *pérḱ-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-és^[13]
- Proto-Germanic: *furhs (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: prapar̃šas (“ditch”)

References[edit]

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “perk̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 821
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*frikā-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*perḱ-”
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*furh-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*ferhan-”
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*furh-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*pe/orḱ-ono-”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “porcus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 481: “*pórk-o-”
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*forko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*porḱo-”
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*farha-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 129: “*porḱ-o-”
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*frikā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*pr̥keh₂”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “porca”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 481: “*prḱ-h₂-”
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*furh-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*p(o)rḱ-eh₂-”
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*furh-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*h₁enter-prḱ-ieh₂-”
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*frikā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*enter-frikā”
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*furh-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*prk-”

pesd-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Probably imitative.

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]

to fart softly, pass gas, break wind
Synonym: *perd-

Derived terms[edit]

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*pésd-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Italic: *pezdō
  - Latin: pēdō
    - Portuguese: peido
    - Galician: peido
*psd-éh₁ye-ti (stative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *p(e)sdeˀtei^[3]
  - Latvian: bezdêt
  - Lithuanian: bezdė́ti
  - Proto-Slavic: *pьzděti
- Proto-Hellenic: *bzdḗyō^[4]
  - Ancient Greek: βδέω (bdéō)
*pésd-is
- Proto-Germanic: *festiz
  - Middle High German: vist
    - German: Fist (“fart”)
  - Dutch: veest
- Proto-Hellenic: *pézdis
  - Ancient Greek: πέζις (pézis, “puffball”)

References[edit]

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[14], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*pesd-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 477
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “bezdėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 89
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “βδέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 209

peth₂-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Alternative reconstructions[edit]

*pet-^[1]

Etymology[edit]

Existing in variations, *pet-, *peth₁-, *peth₂-.^[2]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr

to spread out
to fly (through the sense ‘spread one’s wings’)

Derived terms[edit]

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*péth₂-e-ti (thematic root present)
*pe-póth₂-e (stative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *papā́ta
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *papā́ta
    - Sanskrit: पपात (papā́ta)
*pí-pth₂-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *píptō
  - Ancient Greek: πίπτω (píptō), πίσσω (píssō)
    - Greek: πέφτω (péfto)
*pt-né-h₂-ti ~ *pt-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)^[3]
- Ancient Greek: πίτνημι (pítnēmi)
- Proto-Italic: *patnō
  - Latin: pandō (see there for further descendants)
*pot(h₂)-éye-ti^[4]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāt(H)áyati
  - Proto-Iranian: *pāt(H)áyati
    - Sanskrit: पातयति (pātáyati, “to cause to fly, throw, send; to cause to fall, fell; to spill, pour”)
*péth₂-lom (“leaf”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pétalon
  - Ancient Greek: πέτᾰλον (pétalon) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *feþlą (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pátram
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pátram
    - Sanskrit: पत्र (pátra, “leaf”), पत्त्र (pattra) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pátram
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (patar^əta, “winged”)
*péth₂-r̥ (“feather, wing”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *peta
  - Albanian: pjetë
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸanssā
  - Old Irish: éis
    - Irish: éis
- Proto-Germanic: *faþmaz (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πετάννῡμι (petánnūmi), πέτασος (pétasos), πέτηλος (pétēlos), ποταμός (potamós), πότμος (pótmos), πετηνός (petēnós), πτῶμα (ptôma), πτῆσις (ptêsis), πτῶσις (ptôsis), πτωτικός (ptōtikós), πτωτός (ptōtós), πτίλον (ptílon), πατάνη (patánē)
- Italic:
  - Latin: pateō (see there for further descendants)
  - Latin: patera (see there for further descendants)
  - Latin: passus (“step”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Latin: impetus, praepes, perpetuus (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒? Latin: propitius (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Latin: petulans, petulcus (see there for further descendants)

References[edit]

^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 181
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 122a.note1
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pandō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 442
^ Kulikov, Leonid (2014) “Causative Formation”, in Giannakis, Georgios K., editor, Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics‎^[15], volume 1, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 275

peyǵ-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]

inactive, reluctant

Derived terms[edit]

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Only Italic descendants are known with certainty.

*piǵ-éh₁-(ye)- (stative)
- Proto-Italic: *pigēō
  - Latin: pigeō (“to be annoyed, to be reluctant, to irk”)
*piǵ-rós
- Proto-Italic: *pigros
  - Latin: piger (“slow, lazy, inactive”)
*piǵ-wós
- Proto-Italic: *pigwos
  - Latin: piguus (“lazy”)
*poyǵ-no-
- Proto-Germanic: *faikną (see there for further descendants)

References[edit]

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “piger, -gra, -grum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 464-465

peyḱ-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]

to hew, cut out
to stitch, embroider, sting
(by extension) to paint, mark, color

Descendants[edit]

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*piḱ-ét ~ *piḱ-ónt (thematic root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pićát
  - Proto-Iranian: *picát
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬐𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (aṇkupaēsəmna, “to adorn”, mid.), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬞𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬙𐬀 (frapixšta, “painted”, ppp.)
    - Old Persian: [script needed] (*pišta)
      - Middle Persian: 𐫛𐫏𐫘𐫏𐫤 (pysyt, “colored”)
    - ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *nipicát
      - Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤 (nbyšt, ppp.)
        ⇒ Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤𐫃 (nbyštg, “written”)
      - Old Persian: 𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎱𐎡𐏁𐎹𐎶 (n-i-y-p-i-š-y-m /⁠niyapaišyam⁠/, “to engrave, inscribe”, 1sg.)
        Middle Persian:
        Inscriptional Pahlavi script: [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (npštk /⁠nibištag⁠/, “written”)
    - ⇒ Proto-Iranian:
      - Parthian: [Term?] (/⁠ispist⁠/)
        Persian: سبشت (sebešt, “vulgar”)
*pi-né-ḱ-ti ~ *pi-n-ḱ-énti (nasal-infix present)^[1]
- Proto-Germanic: *finhaną
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *finhlōną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinášti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinćati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pinśati
    - Sanskrit: पिंशति (piṃśati, “to adorn; to mould, carve out, grind”)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: pingō (“to paint, color”, with irregular -g-) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *pik- (“to paint, write, delineate”)^[2]
  - Tocharian A: pikiñc (< pik- (“to write”))
  - Tocharian B: piṅkäṃ (< pik- (“to write”))
*péyḱ-ye-ti (ye-present)^[3]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *p(e)iś-
  - Lithuanian: piẽšti (“to draw”)
  - Old Prussian: peisāi (“to write”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *pьsа̀ti (“to write”) (see there for further descendants)
*pe-póyḱ-e ~ *pe-piḱ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸiɸoike (see there for further descendants)
*piḱ-ró-s^[4]^[5]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *piśras
  - Proto-Slavic: *pь̀strъ (“variegated”) from an earlier **pь̀srъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pikrós
  - Ancient Greek: πῐκρός (pikrós, “sharp, pointed”)
    - Greek: πικρός (pikrós, “bitter”)
- >? Lusitanian:
  - → Galician: pégaro (“variegated”)
*piḱ-tó-s^[6]
- Proto-Italic: *piktos
  - Latin: pictus (see there for further descendants)
*póyḱ-os^[7]^[8]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paiśas
  - Lithuanian: paišaĩ, piẽšas (“freckle”)
- Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“motley, colored”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos, “colored”)
    - → English: poikilo- / poecilo-
    - Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos)
  - ⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀡𐀑𐀫𐀝𐀏 (po-ki-ro-nu-ka /⁠poikil-ōnukʰa⁠/)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páyśas
    - Sanskrit: पेश (péśa, “ornament, decoration”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *páycah
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 (paēsa, “ornament, embellishment”)^[9]
    - → Old Armenian: պէս (pēs, “like, as”)
      - Armenian: պես (pes)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *pěgъ (“piebald”)^[10]
  - Russian: пегий (pegij)
- >? Proto-Slavic: *pьsъ (“dog”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pićángas
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piśángas
  - Sanskrit: पिशङ्ग (piśáṅga, “reddish, reddish-yellow”)
- Proto-Iranian: *picángah
  - → Old Armenian: պիսակ (pisak, “speckle, spot, mark; leprous”)
    - → Armenian: պիսակ (pisak)
Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - >? Sanskrit: पिङ्क्ते (piṅkte, “to paint, tinge, dye”)
  - >? Sanskrit: पिङ्ग (piṅga, “yellow, tawny”)
Unknown Iberian substrate, perhaps Lusitanian:
- →? Galician: pego (“variegated”), pégaro (“variegated”)

References[edit]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 465-466
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “pik-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 410
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 354
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) chapter 431, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 430
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πικρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1190
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*paipages-291-292”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 342
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ποικίλος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1216-1217
^ Kanga, Kavasji Edalji (1900) A Complete Dictionary of the Avesta Language‎^[16], Bombay: Education society's steam press, page 810
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 397

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]

hostile, angry
enemy, evil

Alternative forms[edit]

*peyk- (Baltic)

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*peyḱ-ye- (ye-present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: peĩkti (“to blame”)
*piḱ-tós^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: pikts
  - Lithuanian: pìktas (“angry; evil”)
*póyḱ-os
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸoikos
  - Old Irish: óech (“enemy”)
- Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“hostile”) (see there for further descendants)
*poyḱ-yós
- >? Proto-Germanic: *faigijaz (“fey”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píćunas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píśunas
    - Sanskrit: पिशुन (píśuna, “evil, treacherous”)

References[edit]

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “faiha- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 355

Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), chapter 465, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN
Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 414

peys-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]^[3]

to grind, to crush

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*pi-né-s-ti ~ *pi-n-s-énti (nasal-infix present)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinášti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pináṣṭi
    - Sanskrit: पिनष्टि (pináṣṭi)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pinášti
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬌𐬱𐬀𐬧𐬙 (pišaṇt, pres.part.)
- Proto-Italic: *pinsō
  - Latin: pinsō
*pis-é-ti (zero-grade present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pištei
  - Latvian: pist
  - Lithuanian: pìsti
  - Proto-Slavic: *pьxati^[4]^[5] (see there for further descendants)
*peys-Hō ~ *pis-Hne-s
- Proto-Italic: *peisō
  - Latin: pīsō
*pis-e-no-m
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pišena
  - Proto-Slavic: *pьšenò^[6] (see there for further descendants)
*pis-tó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piṣṭás
    - Sanskrit: पिष्ट (piṣṭá)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pištás
    - Middle Persian: pst' (“brown flour”) (possibly)
- Proto-Italic: *pistos
  - Latin: pistus
*pis-ont-s^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pišant
  - Proto-Iranian: *pišant
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬌𐬱𐬀𐬧𐬙- (pišaṇt-, “crushing, bruising”)
*pis-tlo-m^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištram
  - Proto-Iranian: *pištram
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀- (pištra-, “bruise, injury”)
- Proto-Italic: *pistlom, *pistlā
  - Latin: pīlum, pīla, Pīlumnus, pistillum
*póys-o-m^[7]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paiša
  - Lithuanian: paišaĩ, paĩšos, piẽšos, puišaĩ, puĩšos, pišai; (perhaps) piešà; (perhaps) piẽšas, píešas
*poys-to-m^[8]^[9]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *páista
  - Latvian: pìesta, piests
  - Lithuanian: piestà, piẽstas
  - Proto-Slavic: *pěstъ (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Hellenic:^[3]
  - Ancient Greek: πτίσσω (ptíssō) (the appearance of πτ- is unexplained)

References[edit]

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “pei̯s-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 466-467
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pinsō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 466-467
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πτίσσω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1249-1250
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pьxati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 426
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 359
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pьšenò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 431
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 342
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 354
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 397

peysḱ-[edit]

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/peysḱ-

pleh₁-[edit]

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pleh₂- and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pleh₃(w)-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr (perfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]

to fill

Alternative reconstructions[edit]

*pelh₂-^[4]

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*pe-plóh₁-e ~ *pe-pl̥h₁-ḗr (reduplicated stative)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paprā́Ha (see there for further descendants)

*pí-pleh₁-ti ~ *pí-pl̥h₁-n̥ti (i-reduplicated root athematic present)^[1]^[5]^[4]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: յղփանամ (yłpʿanam)
- Proto-Hellenic: *píplēmi
  - Ancient Greek: πίμπλημι (pímplēmi)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pípraHti ~ *pípr̥Hati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparHti
    - Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti)

*pléh₁-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)^[1]
- Proto-Hellenic: *plḗtʰō
  - Ancient Greek: πλήθω (plḗthō) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHdʰati
  - Proto-Iranian: *fráHdati (see there for further descendants)

*pleh₁-t ~ *pl̥h₁-ént (root athematic aorist)^[1]^[6]^[2]
- Proto-Hellenic: *plētó (< middle voice *pl̥h₁-tó)
  - Ancient Greek: πλῆτο (plêto)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HápraHt
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HápraHt
    - Sanskrit: अप्रात् (áprāt)

*pléh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)^[1]
- Proto-Italic: *plējō^[7]
  - Latin: pleō (see there for further descendants)

*plḗh₁-s-t ~ *pléh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)^[1]^[8]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ելից (elicʿ)
    - ⇒ Old Armenian: յեղց (yełcʿ)
- Proto-Hellenic: *éplēse
  - Ancient Greek: ἔπλησα (éplēsa)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáprāHsat
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáprāHsat
    - Sanskrit: अप्रास् (aprās)

*pl̥h₁-éh₁-ti (eh₁-stative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pilˀḗˀtei
  - Latvian: pilēt, pildīt
  - Lithuanian: pìlti

*pl̥h₁-néw-ti (new-present)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հեղում (hełum) (secondary full-grade?)
    - ⇒ Old Armenian: ողողեմ (ołołem)

*pl̥h₁-yé-tor (ye-deponent)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hyátay (see there for further descendants)

*pl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *pl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

*pleh₁-ró-s^[9]^[7]
- >? Proto-Celtic: *plīros (“sea, ocean”)
  - Old Irish: ler
- Proto-Hellenic: *plērós
  - Ancient Greek: *πληρός (*plērós)^[10]^[11]
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πλήρης (plḗrēs)
- Proto-Italic: *plēros^[7]
  - Latin: plērus

*pléh₁-ti-s *pl̥h₁-téy-s^[12]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: լիր (lir)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHtiš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práHtiš
    - Sanskrit: प्राति (prātí)

*pleh₁-tó-s

*pléh₁-yōs ~ *pl̥h₁-is-és

*pl̥h₁-nó-s

*pléh₁-dʰuh₁-
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πληθύς (plēthús)
- Proto-Italic: *plēðūs
  - Latin: plēbs

*po-ploh₁-s
- (perhaps) Proto-Italic: *poplos (see there for further descendants)

*pl̥h₁-go-m
- Proto-Germanic: *fulką (“folk”) (see there for further descendants)

*pélh₁-u-
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸilus
  - Old Irish: il, hil
    - Irish: il
    - Manx: yl
- Proto-Germanic: *felu

*polh₁-ú-s
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πολύς (polús)

*polh₁-yo-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πολλός (pollós), πολλή (pollḗ)

*ploh₁-us-s
- Proto-Italic: *plows
  - Latin: plūs

References[edit]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*pleh₁-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 482-83
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 262: “*h₁é-pleh₁-t”
^ Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2257: “*pleh₁-to-”
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Fick, August (1890–1909) “péla : pḷa”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), 4th edition, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 82
^ Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 121: “*pi-pleh₁-”
^ Bendahman, Jadwiga (1993) Der reduplizierte Aorist in den indogermanischen Sprachen (Deutsche Hochschulschriften; 642), Egelsbach: Hänsel-Hohenhausen, page 147: “*pl̥h₁-to”
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-pleō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 472-473: “PIt. *plē{-je/o)- [pr.], * plēno- ‘full’, *plēro- ‘most of’, *-plē-t; PIE *pleh₁- [aor.] ‘to fill’, *plh₁nó- ‘full’, *pl(e)h₁ro- ‘full’, *-pleh₁t-.”
^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (2017–2018) “Chapter X: Armenian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Armenian, page 1092: “*pleh₁-s-”
^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 136: “*pleh₁-ro-”
^ Rothstein-Dowden, Zachary (2023) “Dental-aspirate presents in Greek and Indo-European (Doctoral dissertation)”, in Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences‎^[17], Cambridge: Harvard University
^ Lloyd, Albert L., Lühr, Rosemarie (2007) “fol”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen (in German), volumes III: fadum – fustslag, Göttingen/Zürich: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →ISBN, pages 446-447
^ Kapović, Mate, editor (2017), The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 656: “*pleh₁tis”

pleh₂-[edit]

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pleh₁- and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pleh₃(w)-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Compare *pleth₂- (“flat”) and *pel- (“skin, hide, membrane, cloth”).

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]

flat
Synonym: *pleth₂-

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*pleh₂-is ~ *pl̥h₂-éys^[2]
- Proto-Anatolian: *pl̥Hís
  - Hittite: 𒁄𒄭𒅖 (pal-ḫi-iš /⁠palḫis⁠/)
*pl̥h₂(e)meh₂
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸlāmā
- Proto-Germanic: *fulmō
- Proto-Hellenic: *palámā
  - Ancient Greek: παλάμη (palámē)
- Proto-Italic: *pəlmā
  - Latin: palma
*pleh₂-nos, *pl̥h₂-nos
- Proto-Italic: *plānos
  - Latin: plānus
*ploh₂-no-s
- *polh₂-no-s (metathesis)
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plāˀnas, *palˀnas (metathesized)
    - Baltic:
      - Latvian: plāns (“thin”)
      - Lithuanian: plonas (“thin”)
      - Old Prussian: plonis
    - Proto-Slavic: *pȏlnъ (see there for further descendants)
*pleh₂-ro- (*ploh₂-ro- is equally possible)
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸlārom (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *flōraz (see there for further descendants)
*pléh₂-n̥t-eh₂
- Proto-Italic: *plāntā
  - Latin: planta
*pleh₂-trom or *pl̥h₂-trom or *ploh₂-trom
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸlātrom
  - Proto-Brythonic: *llọdr
    - Breton: loer
    - Old Cornish: loder
    - Welsh: llawdr
  - Old Irish: láthar
    - Middle Irish: láither, láthair
      - Irish: láthair
      - Scottish Gaelic: làthair
*pl̥h₂-u-tós
- Italic:
  - Latin: plautus
*pl̥h₂-em
- Proto-Italic: *palam
  - Latin: palam (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: լայն (layn, “wide, broad”)
  - >? Old Armenian: *հոլ- (*hol-, “uncovered, naked”)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: plakans (“flat, even”)
  - Lithuanian: plakãnas (“flat”) (possibly)
  - Proto-Slavic: *poľe (Schwebeablaut) (see there for further descendants)

References[edit]

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[18], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “palḫi- / palḫai-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 620–621

pleḱ-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Extended from *pel- (“to fold”).

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]

to fold, plait, weave

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*pléḱ-e-ti (root present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *plékō
  - Ancient Greek: πλέκω (plékō)
*pleḱ-eh₂-ye-ti
- Proto-Italic: *plekāō
  - Latin: plicō (with i from its compounds)
*pléḱ-te-ti^[3]^[4]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pleśtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *plestì (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *flehtaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *plektō
  - Latin: plectō
*pleḱ-tó-
- Proto-Hellenic: *plektós
  - Ancient Greek: πλεκτός (plektós)
*pleḱ-nó-s or *ploḱ-nó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *praćnás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *praśnás
    - Sanskrit: प्रश्न (praśná, “basket-work, a plaited basket; turban”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pracnáh
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬙𐬋𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬥𐬀 (ər^əzatōfrašna, “having a golden helmet/coat of mail”)
*pleḱ-s
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: -πλαξ (-plax) (e.g. δίπλαξ (díplax), τρίπλαξ (tríplax))
- Proto-Italic: *pleks
  - Latin: -plex (e.g. simplex, duplex)
*ploḱ-s-om
- Proto-Germanic: *flahsą (see there for further descendants)
*ploḱ-o
- Proto-Germanic: *flaką (“something flat”) (perhaps)
  - Old Norse: flaga
    - Danish: flage
    - Icelandic: flaga
    - Norwegian: flak
    - Swedish: flak
- Proto-Germanic: *flakaz (“flat”) (see there for further descendants) (perhaps)
- Proto-Hellenic: *plokos
  - Ancient Greek: πλόκος (plókos)
  - Ancient Greek: -πλοκος (-plokos) (e.g. πολύπλοκος (polúplokos))
*plok-o-nos (perhaps)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: plakans (“flat, even”)
  - Lithuanian: plakãnas (“flat”)
*ploḱ-éh₂
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πλοκή (plokḗ)
*plók-e- (perhaps)
- Proto-Germanic: *flahaną (“to flay, strip”)
plók-eh₂ (perhaps)
- Proto-Germanic: *flahō (“strip”)
  - Old Norse: flá (“strip of land, meadow”)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: plokščias

References[edit]

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “plek̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 834-835
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*plek̑-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 486
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*plestì”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, pages 403-404
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “plectō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 471-472

Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

plew-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]^[3]

to fly, flow, run

Extensions[edit]

*plew-d-
*plew-k-
*plew-t-
- *plewt-yom,^[4] *plowt-yom^[4]
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pljáutja, *pláutja
    - Latvian: plàuši (“lungs”, nom.pl.), plàuši
    - Lithuanian: plaũtis, plaũčiai (“lung”)
    - Proto-Slavic: *pľūťè, *plūťè (“lung”) (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*plew-eh₂-h₁en-
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: plyuwai (“to float”)^[5]
*pléw-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pléwō^[6]
  - Ancient Greek: πλέω (pléō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pláwati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *plowō^[7]
  - Latin: pluit (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *pläu-^[8]
  - Tocharian A: plu-
  - Tocharian B: plu-
*plow-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Celtic:
  - Old Irish: luithir, fo·luathar
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plāwáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plāwáyati
    - Sanskrit: प्लावयति (plāváyati)
  - Proto-Iranian: *frāwáyati
    - Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬵𐬌 (frafrāuuaiiāhi)
- Proto-Slavic: *plàviti (sometimes derived from *pleh₃(w)-) ⇒ *plàvati (see there for further descendants)
*pléw-mō (“lung”) (see there for further descendants)
*plow-mos
- Proto-Germanic: *flaumaz (“stream”)^[9] (see there for further descendants)
*plow-ó-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *plowos^[6]
  - Ancient Greek: πλόος (plóos)
    Attic Greek: πλοῦς (ploûs)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plawás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plawás
    - Sanskrit: प्लव (plavá)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: plewe^[10]
*plow-tó-m
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: plàuts (“shelf, sideboard of a bee-hive”)
  - Lithuanian: plaũtas (“sweating shelf, bath shelf, sideboard (of a bee-hive or a boat)”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *plūtò (“flotsam”)
- Proto-Germanic:
  - Old Norse: fleyðr (“cross-beam”) (Old Icelandic)
    - Icelandic: fleyður
*plow-tós
- Ancient Greek: πλοῦτος (ploûtos) (?)
*plów-yos (“ship”)
- Proto-Germanic: *flawją^[11] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *plóyyom^[6]
  - Ancient Greek: πλοῖον (ploîon)
- Proto-Italic: *plowjos
  - Latin: pluvius
*plu-tó-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plútas, *plúta n
  - East Baltic:
    - Latvian: pluts
  - Proto-Slavic: *plъ̀tъ (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plūtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *plyti (sometimes derived from *pleh₃(w)-), *plùti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *plutós
  - Ancient Greek: πλυτός (plutós)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plutás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plutás
    - Sanskrit: प्लुत (plutá)
*pléw-ih₂^[12]
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸlowī
  - ⇒ Breton: lewier m (“pilot”)
  - Old Cornish: leu (“rudder”)
    - Cornish: lew (“rudder”)
  - Old Irish: luí f (“rudder, tail”)
  - Middle Welsh: llyw m (“rudder, tail, leader, pilot”)

Innovative formations:
- (perhaps) Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: լուանամ (luanam)^[13]
    - Armenian: լվանալ (lvanal)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pluňňō (< *plu-n-yéti)
  - Ancient Greek: πλῡ́νω (plū́nō)

References[edit]

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “835–837”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 835–837
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*pleu̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 487-488
^
^{The template Template:R:ine:AHD does not use the parameter(s): 1=70
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Watkins, Calvert (1985) “pleu-”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 362
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “plyuwai”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πλέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1208-1209
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pluō, pluit”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 474-475
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “plu-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 462-463
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*flauma-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 145
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “plewe”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 463
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*flauja-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 145
^ Stifter, David (2023) “With the Back to the Ocean: The Celtic Maritime Vocabulary”, in Kristian Kristiansen, Guus Kroonen and Eske Willerslev, editors, The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited, Cambridge University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 189
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “luanam”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 316

plewd-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Extended form of *plew-.

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]

to fly, flow, run

Derived terms[edit]

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*plewd- (root present)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Latgalian: plyudi (“flood”)
- Celtic:
  - Old Irish: luaidid
- Proto-Germanic: *fleutaną (“to float, to stream”)
*plud-sḱé- (sḱe-present)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: plū́sti
*plewd-o-
- Proto-Germanic: *fleutaz (“fast-running”)
  - Middle Dutch: vliet
  - Old Norse: fljótr
    - Icelandic: fljótur
- Proto-Germanic: *fleutą (“stream”)
  - Old English: flēot
    - English: fleet
  - Middle Dutch: vliet
*plud-om
- Proto-Germanic: *flutą
  - Old English: flot
  - Dutch: vlot (“raft”)
  - Old Norse: flot
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Germanic: *flutōną
- Italic:
  - Latin: plaustrum

References[edit]

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

Pokorny, Julius (1959) “835–837”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 835–837
^{The template Template:R:ine:AHD does not use the parameter(s): 1=70
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Watkins, Calvert (1985) “pleu-”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

plewk-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Extended form of *plew- (“to fly, flow, run”).

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]^[3]

to fly, flow, run
to splash, to flap with hands

Derived terms[edit]

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*pléwk-e-ti (thematic present)
- Proto-Germanic: *fleuhaną (“to flee”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *fleuganą (“to fly”)^[4] (reanalyzed) (see there for further descendants)
*plowk-yé-ti (o-grade yé-present)
- Proto-Germanic: *flaugijaną (“to fly up”) (see there for further descendants)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: plaũkti (“to swim”)^[5]
*pluk-yé-ti (0-grade yé-present)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: plúkti (“to strike, to splash”)
  - → Proto-Slavic: *plyčьkati (“to splash, to crawl in water”) (expressive, extended with *-kati)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *plugijaną (“to plug”) (with unexpected "unshifted" *p)
*plewk-éh₂-ti (éh₂-present)
- Proto-Germanic: *fleugōną (“to fly”)^[6]
*plewk-sḱ-éy-ti (sḱ-inchoative)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *pľuščiti (“to flap, to press”)
*plewk-éh₂n ~ *pluk-éh₂n (Germ. ōn-stem)
- Proto-Germanic: *fleugǭ / *flugǭ (“fly, flying insect”)^[7]
*plówk-os (o-stem nominal) (possibly)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: pláukas (“hair”)^[8]
  - Latvian: plaûki (“flakes, fibers”)
- Proto-Germanic: *flauhaz (“flea”) (perhaps replacing an extinct reflex of *plúsis by folk etymology) (see there for further descendants)
*pluk-lós (l-participle)
- Proto-Germanic: *fuglaz (“fowl”)^[9] (from earlier *fluglaz by dissimilation) (see there for further descendants)
*pluk-nós (n-participle)
- Proto-Germanic: *flukkaz (“flock”)^[10] (see there for further descendants)
*plú-n-k-sneh₂
*plew(k)-smeh₂
- Proto-Italic: *plow(k)smā^[11]
  - Latin: plūma (see there for further descendants)
*plúk-tis (i-stem t-participle)
- Proto-Germanic: *fluhtiz (“flight”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Germanic: *fliugika-
- Proto-Germanic: *fluganą
- Proto-Germanic: *flugilaz (see there for further descendants)

References[edit]

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “835–837”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 835–837
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*pleu̯k-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 488
^
^{The template Template:R:ine:AHD does not use the parameter(s): 1=70
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Watkins, Calvert (1985) “pleu-”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fleugan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 146
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “plaũkti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 363
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fleugōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 146
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fleugōn”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 146
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “plaukas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 362
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fugla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 157
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*flukka(n)”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 148
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “plūma”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 146: “*plou(k)-smo-”

pnew-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Likely onomatopoeic.

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]^[3]

to breathe, gasp
to snort, sneeze

Derived terms[edit]

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*pnéw-e-ti (thematic root present)^[2]
- Proto-Hellenic: *pnéwō
  - Ancient Greek: πνέω (pnéō), πνείω (pneíō)
*pnéw-se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)^[4]
- Proto-Germanic: *fneusaną (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fnuzzōną^[5]
    - Middle High German: pfnurren
    - Icelandic: hnerra
- >? Proto-Germanic: *hneusaną (see there for further descendants)
*pnḗw-s-t ~ *pnéw-s-n̥t (s-aorist)^[2]
- Proto-Hellenic: *pnḗwhe
  - Ancient Greek: ἔπνευσε (épneuse)
*pnéw-mn̥
Unsorted formations:
- Albanian:
  - >? Proto-Albanian: *pnewa
    - Albanian: *pnyj
      - Albanian: fryj (< earlier *fnyj)

References[edit]

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pneu-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 838-39
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*pneu̯-¹ ‘hauchen, keuchen’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 489
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*pneu- ‘± snort, sneeze’”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 82
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fneusan- ~ *fnūsan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 149: “*pnéus-e-”
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fnuz(z)ōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 150

preh₂-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From *per- (“before”).

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr

before, in front

Derived terms[edit]

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*préh₂-i (“before”, locative) or *pr̥h₂-ey^[1]
- Proto-Italic: *prāi or *prai
  - Latin: prae, prae- (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Proto-Italic: *praiteros (< *préh₂i + *-teros)
  - Latin: praeter (see there for further descendants)
*pr̥h₂-ey^[2]
- Proto-Hellenic: *pərai
  - Ancient Greek: παραί (paraí), παρά (pará), πάρα (pára), πάρ (pár)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hay
    - Sanskrit: पुरे (pure)
*pr̥h₂-i (zero-grade locative)
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸare < *ɸari (-e is secondary) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *furi (see there for further descendants)
*pr̥h₂-ó
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀞𐀫 (pa-ro)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hā́
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hā́
    - Sanskrit: पुरा (purā́)
*pr̥h₂-ós
- Proto-Albanian: *par-
  - Albanian: parë
- Proto-Albanian:
  - Albanian: pris
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πάρος (páros, “earlier, before”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hás
    - Sanskrit: पुरस् (purás, “before, forwards”) (see there for further descendants)
*pr̥h₂-oy
- Proto-Germanic: *furai (see there for further descendants)
*pr̥h₂-wó-s
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հարաւ (haraw) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírˀwas
  - Proto-Slavic: *pь̀rvъ
- Proto-Germanic: *furwōstaz, *furwistaz
  - Old English: forwost, forwest
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hwás
- Proto-Tocharian: *pä́rwë
  - Tocharian A: pärwat
  - Tocharian B: pärweṣṣe
*pr̥h₂-yós- ~ *pr̥h₂-is- (comparative)
- Proto-Germanic: *furizô, *furistaz (see there for further descendants)

References[edit]

^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 75.4
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 75.4

preḱ-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]

to ask

Derived terms[edit]

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*proḱ-éye-ti (causative)^[3]^[4]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *práśīˀtei (see there for further descendants)
*pr̥(ḱ)-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)^[1]
*préḱ-s^[5]^[6]
- Celtic:
  - Brythonic:
    - Welsh: rheg
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prā́ćš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prā́ṭṣ
    - Sanskrit: प्राश् (prā́ś)
  - Proto-Iranian: *prā́š
    - Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬁 (frasā), 𐬟𐬆𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬁 (fərasā)
- Proto-Italic: *preks
  - Latin: prex
    - Italian: prece
    - Portuguese: prece
    - ⇒ Latin: precor (see there for further descendants)
*proḱ-o-
- Proto-Italic: *prokos
  - Latin: procus
    - Portuguese: proco
    - ⇒ Latin: procō
Unsorted formations:
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հարսն (harsn, “bride”)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: pir̃šti (“to arrange a marriage”)
- Proto-Germanic: *frehnaną (see there for further descendants)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Iranian:
    - Northern Kurdish: pirs (“question”), pirsîn (“to ask”)
    - Old Persian: √fraθ/pars > parsa-
      - Middle Persian: pwrs (purs-), pwrsytn' (pursīdan)
        Persian: پرس (pors-), پرسیدن (porsidan)
- Italic:
  - >? Latin: percontor (see there for further descendants)
- Tocharian:
  - Tocharian A: pärk-
  - Tocharian B: pärk-

References[edit]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[19], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[20], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*prosìti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 421
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “prašyti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 360-370
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “prex, -cis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 488
^ Monier Williams (1899) “Sobreira/PIE roots pr”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 709/2.

prews-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]

to freeze
frost

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*prews- (root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *freusaną (see there for further descendants)
*presw-os (by metathesis)
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸreswos (see there for further descendants)
*prus-tós
- Proto-Germanic: *frustaz (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *pruś-
  - Albanian: prush
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prušwáH (“ice”)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pruṣwáH
    - Sanskrit: प्रुष्वा (pruṣvā́, prúṣvā)
- Latin: pruīna
  - Venetian: puìna, poìna
- Latin: prūna
- Latin: prūriō (see there for further descendants)

References[edit]

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[21], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

preyH-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]

to please
to love

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*prḗyH-s-t ~ *préyH-s-n̥t (s-aorist)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práyHšat
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práyHṣat
    - Sanskrit: प्रेषत् (préṣat, “shall please”)

*priH-mḗn
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHmā́
  - Proto-Iranian: *friHmā́
    - Ossetian: (“friend, lover”)
      Digor Ossetian: лимӕн (limæn), нимӕл (nimæl)
      
      Iron Ossetian: лымӕ́н (lymǽn)

*priH-nó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHnás
  - Proto-Iranian: *friHnáh
    - Pashto: ورين (wrin, “open, happy, sincere”)
- ⇒ *priHn-éh₁(ye)-ti (denominal eh₁(ye)-stative)
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHnáHti (see there for further descendants)

*priH-yó-s

References[edit]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*preiH-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 87
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 343: “*prihₓ-”

prk-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr^[1]

to fear

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*(s)pr̥k-éh₂
- Proto-Albanian: *frikā
  - Albanian: frikë
*pr̥k-sḱé-ti (sḱé-present)
- Tocharian:
  - Tocharian A: präskā-
  - Tocharian B: präskā-
*pr̥k-tós
- Proto-Germanic: *furhtaz (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *furhtijaną (see there for further descendants)
*pr̥k-téh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *furhtō (see there for further descendants)

References[edit]

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

R[edit]

reh₁d-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr

to scrape, scratch, gnaw

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*réh₁d-e-ti
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rádati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rádati
    - Sanskrit: रदति (rádati)
  - Proto-Iranian: *rádati
    - Middle Persian: [script needed] (randītan, “to scrape, smooth”)
*roh₁d-
- Italic:
  - Latin: rōdō (see there for further descendants)
*rh₁d-dʰ-
- Proto-Italic: *razdō
  - Latin: rādō (see there for further descendants)
*roh₁d-trom
- Italic:
  - Latin: rōstrum (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- >? Proto-Germanic: *rattaz, *rattō (see there for further descendants)
- Celtic:
  - Brythonic:
    - Welsh: rhathu (“to grate, rasp”)

References[edit]

Pokorny, Julius (1959) chapter 854, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 854

reh₁t-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*PIE roots pr

post, beam, pole

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

Unsorted formations:
- Old Armenian: առիք (aṙikʿ) (possibly)
  - Armenian: առիք (aṙikʿ)
- Old Armenian: արդն (ardn) (possibly)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Old Church Slavonic: ратище (ratište), ратовище (ratovište)
- Proto-Germanic: *rōdō, *rōdǭ

References[edit]

Pokorny, Julius (1959) chapter 866, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 866

reyǵ-[edit]

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root 1[edit]

*PIE roots pr

to stretch out, reach

Alternative reconstructions[edit]

*reyǵ-^[1]^[2]^[3]
*reh₃iǵ-^[1]^[4]

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*Hréyǵ-ti ~ *Hriǵ-énti (root athematic present)^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: réižti
- Proto-Celtic: *regeti (see there for further descendants)
*Hréyǵ-(h₁)se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)^[3]
- Proto-Celtic:
  - Old Irish: rías- (“stretch out, rule”)
*Hri-ne-ǵ-ti ~ *Hri-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: rìžtì
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrinȷ́áti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hrinȷ́áti
    - Sanskrit: ऋञ्जते (ṛñjáte, “directs, stretches”) (merger?)
*Hroyǵ-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *raikijaną (see there for further descendants)

Root 2[edit]

*PIE roots pr

to bind

Alternative reconstructions[edit]

*reyǵ-, *reyg-^[5]^[6]

Derived terms[edit]

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 96: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*Hriǵ-é-ti ("tudati"-type root thematic present)^[6]
- Proto-Celtic: *rigeti (see there for further descendants)
*Hriǵ-yé-ti (ye-deponent)
- Proto-Germanic: *rikkijaną
  - Old High German: *rickēn
    - Middle High German: ricken (“to bind”)^[6]
*Hriǵ-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)^[6]
- Proto-Italic: *rigēō
  - Latin: rigeō (see there for further descendants)

References[edit]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “(reig̑-), rēig̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 862
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*rei̯g̑-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 503
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2023) “*rei̯g̑-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[22], page 65
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*rēig̑-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 187
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “reig- oder reig̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 861-862
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*rei̯⁽g̑⁾-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 503

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 790-792

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ped-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 458

[3] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*pad”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 287-288

[4] Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 136

[5] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pā-: pə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 787

[6] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pō(i)-: (pəi- ?:) pī-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 839

[7] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*peh₂(i̯)-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 460

[8] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “paḫš-^a(ri), paḫš-ⁱ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 707-709

[9] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pasti I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 392

[10] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 434

[11] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[12] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 787–788

[Kroonen,_*faka--13] 3.0 ^3.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*faka-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[de_Vaan,_pangō-14] 4.0 ^4.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pangō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[15] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fastu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 138

[16] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “mpij”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 279

[17] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[DV_paucus-18] 1.0 ^1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “paucus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 450-451

[19] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pūpa”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 500

[20] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “παῦρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1158

[DV_parvus-21] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “parvus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 448

[22] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “παῖς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1142-1142

[23] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pauper”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 451

[24] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “puer”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 496

[25] Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1979) “փոքր”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, page 530ab

[26] Solta, G. R. (1960) Die Stellung des Armenischen im Kreise der indogermanischen Sprachen (Studien zur armenischen Geschichte; 9)‎^[4] (in German), Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, pages 361–362

[27] Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 165

[28] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pъtakъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 424

[29] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[30] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “pi”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, pages 324–325

[DV_pecto-31] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pectō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[DV_pecu-32] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pecū”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[7], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[33] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[34] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1.*pek^u̯-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 798

[35] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1.*pek^u̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 468

[36] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πέσσω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1180-1181

[Janda-37] 4.0 ^4.1 Janda, Michael (2000) Eleusis: Das indogermanische Erbe der Mysterien (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; Hauptreihe, 96), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, pages 49–51

[EDIANA-38] 5.0 ^5.1 Sasseville, David, Rieken, Elisabeth, Steer, Thomas (2017–) “*pek^u̯-”, in Olav Hackstein, Jared L. Miller & Elisabeth Rieken, editors, Digital Philological-Etymological Dictionary of the Minor Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages (eDiAna)‎^[8], München & Marburg

[39] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “pjek”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 329

[40] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pektì”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 393

[41] Derksen, Rick (2015) “kepti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 237-238

[42] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kʷokʷ-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page page180

[43] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*pač”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 286-287

[44] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “coquō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 134

[45] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pȇktь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 393

[46] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pȏtъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 415

[EDHIL-47] 14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “pakkušš-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 618–619

[48] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fella-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135

[49] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pellis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 455

[Derksen2015-50] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Derksen, Rick (2015) “plėnė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 365: “*pl-ēn-”

[DeVaan-51] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pellis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 455: “*pelni-”

[Kroonen-52] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fella-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135: “*pel-nó-”

[Derksen2008-53] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pelenà; *pelna”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 394

[54] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*plěva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 405

[55] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “^(TÚG)palaḫša-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 619

[56] [9], "دوپر" in Dehkhoda Dictionary.

[57] Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎^[10], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page ploje

[58] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “falwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[59] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “falwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[60] Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “vaal”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[11] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

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