User:Sponge2490/Elevated term in Malay and neighboring languages

Elevated term in Malay and neighboring languages

Introduction

Focuses mostly on Malay / Indonesian entry. The entry goes High Register < Low Register, with double question marks (??) at the end to indicate unconfirmed replacement word. Take this with a grain of salt.

Patterns

Possibly Malay Influence

General

1. /-ndaŋ/ ← /-r-/??

   Malay juandang < Malay juara

   Malay kandang < Malay karung?? (also possibly kandung < karung)

2. /-nduŋ/ ← /-duk/, /-tuk/??

   Indonesian belandung < Malay belatuk??

   Malay indung < Malay induk??

   Betawi gelundung < Betawi geluduk??

Honorific terms of address

1. Familial terms of address + /(a)nda/

   bonda, bunda, ibunda < Blend of ibu +‎ anda

   ayunda < Blend of ayu +‎ anda

   babunda < Blend of babu +‎ anda

   uanda < Blend of wan +‎ anda

   ayahanda < Blend of ayah +‎ anda

   kakanda < Blend of kakak +‎ anda

   adinda < Blend of adik +‎ anda

   cunda, cucunda < Blend of cucu +‎ anda

   cinda, cicinda < Blend of cicit +‎ anda

Kawi/Old Javanese Borrowing & Influence

1. /-ntan/ or /-ntən/ or /-ntun/, also by extension /-ntaŋ/ or /-ntuŋ/ ← /-r-/, /-l-/

   Malay antan < Malay alu

   Banjarese cuntan < Malay curi

   Malay intan < Old Javanese hīra < Sanskrit हीर (hīra)

   Malay jantan < Old Javanese jalu (jantan is considered vulgar in contemporary Peninsular)

   Malay kinantan, kenantan < Malay kinar??

   Banjarese kuantan < Malay kuali (also Kuantan, Pahang)

   Malay pantang < Malay pemali < Proto-Malayic *pali

   Malay pantun < Minangkabau sepantun < Malay seperti

   Malay santan < Old Javanese sāra, sāri < Sanskrit सार (sāra)

   Malay santun < Old Javanese sari < sa- + wari

   Malay sinantan < Malay sinar??

2. /-njing/ ← /-su(C)-/

   Malay anjing < Old Javanese asu

   Malay kucing < kusa?? (proposed earlier but didn't fit the pattern)

   Javanese ꦲꦺꦤ꧀ꦗꦶꦁ (énjing​) < Javanese ꦲꦺꦱꦸꦏ꧀ (ésuk)

   Javanese ꦧꦺꦤ꧀ꦗꦶꦁ (bénjing​) < Javanese ꦧꦺꦱꦸꦏ꧀ (bésuk)

   Javanese ꦩꦤ꧀ꦗꦶꦁ (manjing​​) < Malay masuk

   Betawi lelenjing, lenjing < Malay lesung

   Malay keranjingan < Malay kerasukan

No Patterns

No patterns, with some influence from Javanese language.

1. Malay angan < Malay hati
2. Malay bahtera < Malay kapal, perahu
3. Malay bangsal < Malay balai
4. Malay bayu < Malay hamba
5. Malay beradu < Malay tidur
6. Malay berangta < Malay berahi
7. Malay buntar < Malay bulat
8. Malay danta < Malay gading

   Malay seridanta < Malay serigading

9. Malay gering < Malay sakit
10. Malay hulu < Malay kepala
11. Malay isteri < Malay bini
12. Malay kacang < Malay kara
13. Malay mandam < Malay mabuk
14. Malay mega < Malay awan
15. Malay mengandung < Malay hamil < Malay bunting
16. Malay negara < Malay negeri
17. Malay padam < Malay mati, pati
18. Malay sekar < Malay bunga
19. Malay seranti < Malay seraya
20. Malay suami < Malay laki
21. Malay bertahana < Malay duduk
22. Malay wajah < Malay muka
23. Malay walad < Malay bin, ibni

References

• Tom Hoogervorst (2017), “Lexical Influence From North India To Maritime Southeast Asia: Some New Directions”, in Man In India, volume 95, number 4, pages 293-334