aestas

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *aissāts, with the suffix -tāt-s restored via analogy. The root is from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ- (“burn; fire”), and has cognates in Latin aestus, perhaps aedis, Ancient Greek αἴθω (aíthō), Old English ād (“pyre”). The noun suffix is from Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ts.

De Vaan criticizes a prevalent simple etymology from *h₂e-h₂idʰ-teh₂t-s (with an i-reduplicated root) as unfounded, also observing -dʰt- becomes -ss- in Latin rather than -st-, preferring instead *h₂eydʰ-teh₂ts > Proto-Italic *aissāt-s, which then had the suffix -t- consonant restored.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈae̯s.taːs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈɛs.tas]

Noun

aestās f (genitive aestātis); third declension

1. summer

Declension

Third-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	aestās	aestātēs
genitive	aestātis	aestātum
dative	aestātī	aestātibus
accusative	aestātem	aestātēs
ablative	aestāte	aestātibus
vocative	aestās	aestātēs

Derived terms

• aestīvus

Related terms

• aestus

Descendants

• Emilian: estè, estèd
• Insular Romance:
  • Sardinian:

    Campidanese: stadi

    Logudorese: istade

• Italo-Dalmatian:
  • Dalmatian: instuat
  • Italian: estate (latinized), istate, state
  • Sicilian: astati
  • Venetan: istà
• Rhaeto-Romance:
  • Friulian: istât, instât
  • Romansh: stad, sted
• Gallo-Romance:
  • Old French: esté
    • Middle French: esté
      • French: été
    • Norman: êté (Jersey), étaï (Guernsey)
    • Walloon: esté
• Occitano-Romance:
  • Old Occitan: estat
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Spanish: estad

Further reading

• “aestas”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “aestas”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “aestas”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • in the height of summer, depth of winter: summa aestate, hieme
    
• Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002), “aestas”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 24: Refonte A–Aorte, page 229