alkaa
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See also: älkää
Finnish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Finnic *alkadak, from Proto-Uralic *alka- (“beginning”). Cognates include Mansi о̄вл (ōvl, “head”), Estonian algama.
Pronunciation[edit]
Verb[edit]
alkaa
- (auxiliary + first infinitive or + third infinitive, illative) to begin (to do something), start (doing something)
- Hän alkoi itkeä./Hän alkoi itkemään.
- He started to cry.
- Alan olla väsynyt.
- I'm starting to feel tired.
- (intransitive) to initiate, set in, be initiated, originate, be originated, take its origin
- Tulevaisuus alkaa tänään.
- The future begins today.
- Polku alkaa tästä.
- The trail starts here.
Usage notes[edit]
- Historically, the verb collocation depended on geography: alkaa tehdä (first infinitive) was dominant in Eastern dialects and alkaa tekemään (illative of the third infinitive) in Western dialects. As Standard Finnish went through several reforms in the 1800s, one of the goals was to introduce Eastern characteristics into the then Western-dominated standard language, and the version with the first infinitive became established as standard. Despite the prescription against it, vigorously enforced in schools and editorial practices, the Western usage persisted in colloquial contexts and by the late 1900s became increasingly seen as equal with the Eastern one. Finally, in February 2014, the Institute for the Languages of Finland formally approved both forms as standard.[1]
- (begin to do): ruveta/ryhtyä tends to represent a more active and/or voluntary role in the action than alkaa.
Conjugation[edit]
Inflection of alkaa (Kotus type 56*D/kaivaa, k-∅ gradation) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
indicative mood | ||||||
present tense | perfect | |||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | |
1st sing. | alan | en ala | 1st sing. | olen alkanut | en ole alkanut | |
2nd sing. | alat | et ala | 2nd sing. | olet alkanut | et ole alkanut | |
3rd sing. | alkaa | ei ala | 3rd sing. | on alkanut | ei ole alkanut | |
1st plur. | alamme | emme ala | 1st plur. | olemme alkaneet | emme ole alkaneet | |
2nd plur. | alatte | ette ala | 2nd plur. | olette alkaneet | ette ole alkaneet | |
3rd plur. | alkavat | eivät ala | 3rd plur. | ovat alkaneet | eivät ole alkaneet | |
passive | aletaan | ei aleta | passive | on alettu | ei ole alettu | |
past tense | pluperfect | |||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | |
1st sing. | aloin | en alkanut | 1st sing. | olin alkanut | en ollut alkanut | |
2nd sing. | aloit | et alkanut | 2nd sing. | olit alkanut | et ollut alkanut | |
3rd sing. | alkoi | ei alkanut | 3rd sing. | oli alkanut | ei ollut alkanut | |
1st plur. | aloimme | emme alkaneet | 1st plur. | olimme alkaneet | emme olleet alkaneet | |
2nd plur. | aloitte | ette alkaneet | 2nd plur. | olitte alkaneet | ette olleet alkaneet | |
3rd plur. | alkoivat | eivät alkaneet | 3rd plur. | olivat alkaneet | eivät olleet alkaneet | |
passive | alettiin | ei alettu | passive | oli alettu | ei ollut alettu | |
conditional mood | ||||||
present | perfect | |||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | |
1st sing. | alkaisin | en alkaisi | 1st sing. | olisin alkanut | en olisi alkanut | |
2nd sing. | alkaisit | et alkaisi | 2nd sing. | olisit alkanut | et olisi alkanut | |
3rd sing. | alkaisi | ei alkaisi | 3rd sing. | olisi alkanut | ei olisi alkanut | |
1st plur. | alkaisimme | emme alkaisi | 1st plur. | olisimme alkaneet | emme olisi alkaneet | |
2nd plur. | alkaisitte | ette alkaisi | 2nd plur. | olisitte alkaneet | ette olisi alkaneet | |
3rd plur. | alkaisivat | eivät alkaisi | 3rd plur. | olisivat alkaneet | eivät olisi alkaneet | |
passive | alettaisiin | ei alettaisi | passive | olisi alettu | ei olisi alettu | |
imperative mood | ||||||
present | perfect | |||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | |
1st sing. | — | — | 1st sing. | — | — | |
2nd sing. | ala | älä ala | 2nd sing. | ole alkanut | älä ole alkanut | |
3rd sing. | alkakoon | älköön alkako | 3rd sing. | olkoon alkanut | älköön olko alkanut | |
1st plur. | alkakaamme | älkäämme alkako | 1st plur. | olkaamme alkaneet | älkäämme olko alkaneet | |
2nd plur. | alkakaa | älkää alkako | 2nd plur. | olkaa alkaneet | älkää olko alkaneet | |
3rd plur. | alkakoot | älkööt alkako | 3rd plur. | olkoot alkaneet | älkööt olko alkaneet | |
passive | alettakoon | älköön alettako | passive | olkoon alettu | älköön olko alettu | |
potential mood | ||||||
present | perfect | |||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | |
1st sing. | alkanen | en alkane | 1st sing. | lienen alkanut | en liene alkanut | |
2nd sing. | alkanet | et alkane | 2nd sing. | lienet alkanut | et liene alkanut | |
3rd sing. | alkanee | ei alkane | 3rd sing. | lienee alkanut | ei liene alkanut | |
1st plur. | alkanemme | emme alkane | 1st plur. | lienemme alkaneet | emme liene alkaneet | |
2nd plur. | alkanette | ette alkane | 2nd plur. | lienette alkaneet | ette liene alkaneet | |
3rd plur. | alkanevat | eivät alkane | 3rd plur. | lienevät alkaneet | eivät liene alkaneet | |
passive | alettaneen | ei alettane | passive | lienee alettu | ei liene alettu | |
Nominal forms | ||||||
infinitives | participles | |||||
active | passive | active | passive | |||
1st | alkaa | present | alkava | alettava | ||
long 1st2 | alkaakseen | past | alkanut | alettu | ||
2nd | inessive1 | alkaessa | alettaessa | agent1, 3 | alkama | |
instructive | alkaen | — | negative | alkamaton | ||
3rd | inessive | alkamassa | — | 1) Usually with a possessive suffix. 2) Used only with a possessive suffix; this is the form for the third-person singular and third-person plural. | ||
elative | alkamasta | — | ||||
illative | alkamaan | — | ||||
adessive | alkamalla | — | ||||
abessive | alkamatta | — | ||||
instructive | alkaman | alettaman | ||||
4th | nominative | alkaminen | ||||
partitive | alkamista | |||||
5th2 | alkamaisillaan |
Derived terms[edit]
- nouns: alku
Related terms[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ STT. (5 February 2014) "Kielitoimisto taipui: Tämä ei ole enää virhe". Iltalehti. Accessed 5 February 2014.
Anagrams[edit]
Ingrian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Finnic *alkadak. Cognates include Finnish alkaa and Estonian alata.
Pronunciation[edit]
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈɑlkɑː/, [ˈɑɫkɑ]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈɑlkɑː/, [ˈɑɫkɑː]
- Rhymes: -ɑlkɑː
- Hyphenation: al‧kaa
Verb[edit]
alkaa
- (auxiliary + 1st infinitive) to begin; to start (doing)
- 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 58:
- Tiukku ja nagru väkevä, kunis oppia ei aleta.
- A game and a loud laugh, until they start to learn.
- 1936, L. G. Terehova; V. G. Erdeli, Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, transl., Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 3:
- Töö alatta oppihussa geografiaa.
- You are starting to learn geography.
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of alkaa (type 4/antaa, k- gradation) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indikativa | |||||
Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
1st singular | alan | en ala | 1st singular | oon alkant, oon alkanut | en oo alkant, en oo alkanut |
2nd singular | alat | et ala | 2nd singular | oot alkant, oot alkanut | et oo alkant, et oo alkanut |
3rd singular | alkaa | ei ala | 3rd singular | ono alkant, ono alkanut | ei oo alkant, ei oo alkanut |
1st plural | alamma | emmä ala | 1st plural | oomma alkanneet | emmä oo alkanneet |
2nd plural | alatta | että ala | 2nd plural | ootta alkanneet | että oo alkanneet |
3rd plural | alkaat1), alkavat2), aletaa | evät ala | 3rd plural | ovat alkanneet | evät oo alkanneet |
impersonal | aletaa | ei aleta | impersonal | ono alettu | ei oo alettu |
Imperfekta | Pluskvamperfekta | ||||
positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
1st singular | aloin | en alkant, en alkanut | 1st singular | olin alkant, olin alkanut | en olt alkant, en olt alkanut |
2nd singular | aloit | et alkant, et alkanut | 2nd singular | olit alkant, olit alkanut | et olt alkant, et olt alkanut |
3rd singular | alkoi | ei alkant, ei alkanut | 3rd singular | oli alkant, oli alkanut | ei olt alkant, ei olt alkanut |
1st plural | aloimma | emmä alkanneet | 1st plural | olimma alkanneet | emmä olleet alkanneet |
2nd plural | aloitta | että alkanneet | 2nd plural | olitta alkanneet | että olleet alkanneet |
3rd plural | alkoit1), alkoivat2), alettii | evät alkanneet | 3rd plural | olivat alkanneet | evät olleet alkanneet |
impersonal | alettii | ei alettu | impersonal | oli alettu | ei olt alettu |
Konditsionala | |||||
Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
1st singular | alkaisin | en alkais | 1st singular | olisin alkant, olisin alkanut | en olis alkant, en olis alkanut |
2nd singular | alkaisit, alkaist1) | et alkais | 2nd singular | olisit alkant, olisit alkanut | et olis alkant, et olis alkanut |
3rd singular | alkais | ei alkais | 3rd singular | olis alkant, olis alkanut | ei olis alkant, ei olis alkanut |
1st plural | alkaisimma | emmä alkais | 1st plural | olisimma alkanneet | emmä olis alkanneet |
2nd plural | alkaisitta | että alkais | 2nd plural | olisitta alkanneet | että olis alkanneet |
3rd plural | alkaisiit1), alkaisivat2), alettais | evät alkais | 3rd plural | olisivat alkanneet | evät olis alkanneet |
impersonal | alettais | ei alettais | impersonal | olis alettu | ei olis alettu |
Imperativa | |||||
Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
1st singular | — | — | 1st singular | — | — |
2nd singular | ala | elä ala | 2nd singular | oo alkant, oo alkanut | elä oo alkant, elä oo alkanut |
3rd singular | alkakoo | elköö alkako | 3rd singular | olkoo alkant, olkoo alkanut | elköö olko alkant, elköö olko alkanut |
1st plural | — | — | 1st plural | — | — |
2nd plural | alkakaa | elkää alkako | 2nd plural | olkaa alkanneet | elkää olko alkanneet |
3rd plural | alkakoot | elkööt alkako | 3rd plural | olkoot alkanneet | elkööt olko alkanneet |
impersonal | alettakkoo | elköö alettako | impersonal | olkoo alettu | elköö olko alettu |
Potentsiala | |||||
Preesens | |||||
positive | negative | ||||
1st singular | alkanen | en alkane | |||
2nd singular | alkanet | et alkane | |||
3rd singular | alkanoo | ei alkane | |||
1st plural | alkanemma | emmä alkane | |||
2nd plural | alkanetta | että alkane | |||
3rd plural | alkanoot | evät alkane | |||
impersonal | alettannoo | ei alettane | |||
Nominal forms | |||||
Infinitivat | Partisipat | ||||
active | passive | ||||
1st | alkaa | present | alkava | alettava | |
2nd | inessive | alkajees | past | alkant, alkanut | alettu |
instructive | alkaen | 1) Chiefly in the Soikkola dialect. 2) Chiefly in the Ala-Laukaa dialect. *) For the imperative, the 2nd plural (alkakaa) may be used for the 3rd person as well. **) The interrogative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) to the indicative, or -kse to the potential. ***) In folk poetry, a long first infinitive can be formed by adding the suffix -kse, followed by possessive suffixes, to the first infinitive. Note that sometimes gemination may be undone by this addition. | |||
3rd | illative | alkamaa | |||
inessive | alkamaas | ||||
elative | alkamast | ||||
abessive | alkamata | ||||
4th | nominative | alkamiin | |||
partitive | alkamista, alkamist |
Synonyms[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
References[edit]
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 12
Categories:
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Uralic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Uralic
- Finnish 2-syllable words
- Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Finnish/ɑlkɑː
- Rhymes:Finnish/ɑlkɑː/2 syllables
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish verbs
- Finnish auxiliary verbs
- Finnish terms with usage examples
- Finnish intransitive verbs
- Finnish kaivaa-type verbs
- Ingrian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Ingrian terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Ingrian/ɑlkɑː
- Rhymes:Ingrian/ɑlkɑː/2 syllables
- Ingrian lemmas
- Ingrian verbs
- Ingrian auxiliary verbs
- Ingrian terms with quotations