backwardness

English

Etymology

Etymology tree

English backward

Proto-Germanic *-in-

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ti

Proto-Germanic *-ōną

Proto-Germanic *-inōną

Proto-Indo-European *-dyé-

Proto-Germanic *-atjaną

Proto-Indo-European *-tus

Proto-Germanic *-þuz

Proto-Germanic *-assuz

Proto-Germanic *-inassuz

Proto-West Germanic *-nassī

Old English -nes

Middle English -nesse

English -ness

English backwardness

From backward + -ness.

Noun

backwardness (countable and uncountable, plural backwardnesses)

1. The state of being backward.
2. Reluctance.

Quotations

• For quotations using this term, see Citations:backwardness.

Translations

state of being backward

• Arabic: تَخَلُّف m (taḵalluf)

  Gulf Arabic: تخلف m (taḵalluf)

• Bulgarian: назадничавост (bg) (nazadničavost), изостаналост (bg) (izostanalost)
• Finnish: takaperoisuus (fi), takapajuisuus (fi), vanhanaikaisuus (fi), jälkeenjääneisyys (fi)
• French: arriération (fr) f, retard (fr)
• Mongolian: хоцрогдсон байдал (xocrogdson bajdal)
• Polish: zacofanie (pl) n, średniowiecze (pl) n
• Romanian: înapoiere (ro) f
• Russian: отста́лость (ru) f (otstálostʹ)
• Swedish: underutveckling

reluctance

• Finnish: vastahakoisuus (fi)
• Polish: zacofanie (pl) n

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

• Italian: ^{(please verify)} arretratezza (it) f
• Kurdish:

  Central Kurdish: ^{(please verify)} دواکەوتویی (dwakewtuyî), ^{(please verify)} پاشکەوتویی (paşkewtuyî)