duro

See also: Appendix:Variations of "duro"

Aragonese

Alternative forms

• dur

Etymology

Akin to Spanish duro, from Latin dūrus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈduɾo/
• Syllabification: du‧ro
• Rhymes: -uɾo

Adjective

duro (feminine dura, masculine plural duros, feminine plural duras)

1. hard

References

• “duro”, in Aragonario, diccionario castellano–aragonés (in Spanish)

Asturian

Verb

duro

1. first-person singular present indicative of durar

Catalan

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Spanish duro.

Noun

duro m (plural duros)

1. (colloquial, historical) coin worth 5 pesetas

Etymology 2

Verb

duro

1. first-person singular present indicative of durar

Further reading

• “duro”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025.

Galician

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese duro, from Latin dūrus, from Proto-Italic *dūros, from Proto-Indo-European *duh₂-ró-s (“long”), from *dweh₂- (“far, long”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δηρός (dērós, “long”), Sanskrit दूर (dūrá, “distant, far, long”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈduɾʊ]

Adjective

duro (feminine dura, masculine plural duros, feminine plural duras)

1. hard; rigid

   Antonyms: brando, mol

2. tough, harsh

   John Wayne representaba o arquetípico tipo duro ― John Wayne played the archetypical tough guy part

3. hard, tough (difficult)

   Synonym: difícil

   • 2019 August 13, Ruth Fernández, “A lembranza dos avós”, in Galicia Hoxe‎^[1], archived from the original on 26 October 2019:

     É moi duro dicir adeus, ese adeus para sempre que desgarra o corazón.

     It's very hard to say goodbye, that goodbye forever that breaks your heart.

Related terms

• durar
• dureza

Adverb

duro

1. hard (with much force or effort)

References

• Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “duro”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “duro”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “duro”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “duro”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “duro”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Further reading

• “duro”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2025

Etymology 2

Verb

duro

1. first-person singular present indicative of durar

Italian

Etymology

From Latin dūrus, from Proto-Italic *dūros, from Proto-Indo-European *duh₂-ró-s (“long”), from *dweh₂- (“far, long”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δηρός (dērós, “long”), Sanskrit दूर (dūrá, “distant, far, long”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdu.ro/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -uro
• Hyphenation: dù‧ro

Adjective

duro (feminine dura, masculine plural duri, feminine plural dure, superlative durissimo)

1. hard
2. tough, harsh
3. stringy (of food)
4. full-size
5. (vulgar, slang, referring to a penis) erect

Synonyms

• sodo
• solido
• turgido
• dritto
• eretto

Antonyms

• molle
• morbido
• moscio
• flaccido

Derived terms

• dura madre
• duramente
• durometro

Related terms

• durare
• durezza

Verb

duro

1. first-person singular present indicative of durare

Noun

duro m (plural duri)

1. hardness

Anagrams

• udrò

Latin

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈduː.roː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈd̪uː.ro]

Etymology 1

From dūrus (“hard”) +‎ -ō (denominative).

Verb

dūrō (present infinitive dūrāre, perfect active dūrāvī, supine dūrātum); first conjugation

1. (transitive) to harden, make hard

   Synonym: obdūrō

   Antonyms: lēniō, dēlēniō, commītigō, mītigō, levō, allevō, alleviō

2. (intransitive) to last or endure

   Synonyms: maneō, cōnsistō, obdūrō

   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.207:

     Durate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis.

     Endure, and preserve yourselves for better things.

3. to dry

   Synonyms: siccō, coquō

   Antonyms: rigō, imbuō, perfundō

4. (Medieval Latin) to extend (to)
5. (transitive) to make insensible, dull, blunt
6. (transitive) to bear, endure, resist

   Synonyms: tolerō, sufferō, perferō, sustineō, admittō, perpetior, subeō, recipiō, accipiō, sinō, patiō, sustentō, ferō

Conjugation

   Conjugation of dūrō (first conjugation)

indicative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	dūrō		dūrās		dūrat		dūrāmus		dūrātis		dūrant
	imperfect	dūrābam		dūrābās		dūrābat		dūrābāmus		dūrābātis		dūrābant
	future	dūrābō		dūrābis		dūrābit		dūrābimus		dūrābitis		dūrābunt
	perfect	dūrāvī		dūrāvistī, dūrāstī1		dūrāvit, dūrāt1		dūrāvimus, dūrāmus1		dūrāvistis, dūrāstis1		dūrāvērunt, dūrārunt, dūrāvēre1
	pluperfect	dūrāveram, dūrāram1		dūrāverās, dūrārās1		dūrāverat, dūrārat1		dūrāverāmus, dūrārāmus1		dūrāverātis, dūrārātis1		dūrāverant, dūrārant1
	future perfect	dūrāverō, dūrārō1		dūrāveris, dūrāris1		dūrāverit, dūrārit1		dūrāverimus, dūrārimus1		dūrāveritis, dūrāritis1		dūrāverint, dūrārint1
passive	present	dūror		dūrāris, dūrāre		dūrātur		dūrāmur		dūrāminī		dūrantur
	imperfect	dūrābar		dūrābāris, dūrābāre		dūrābātur		dūrābāmur		dūrābāminī		dūrābantur
	future	dūrābor		dūrāberis, dūrābere		dūrābitur		dūrābimur		dūrābiminī		dūrābuntur
	perfect	dūrātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	dūrātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	dūrātus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	dūrem		dūrēs		dūret		dūrēmus		dūrētis		dūrent
	imperfect	dūrārem		dūrārēs		dūrāret		dūrārēmus		dūrārētis		dūrārent
	perfect	dūrāverim, dūrārim1		dūrāverīs, dūrārīs1		dūrāverit, dūrārit1		dūrāverīmus, dūrārīmus1		dūrāverītis, dūrārītis1		dūrāverint, dūrārint1
	pluperfect	dūrāvissem, dūrāssem1		dūrāvissēs, dūrāssēs1		dūrāvisset, dūrāsset1		dūrāvissēmus, dūrāssēmus1		dūrāvissētis, dūrāssētis1		dūrāvissent, dūrāssent1
passive	present	dūrer		dūrēris, dūrēre		dūrētur		dūrēmur		dūrēminī		dūrentur
	imperfect	dūrārer		dūrārēris, dūrārēre		dūrārētur		dūrārēmur		dūrārēminī		dūrārentur
	perfect	dūrātus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	dūrātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	—		dūrā		—		—		dūrāte		—
	future	—		dūrātō		dūrātō		—		dūrātōte		dūrantō
passive	present	—		dūrāre		—		—		dūrāminī		—
	future	—		dūrātor		dūrātor		—		—		dūrantor
non-finite forms		infinitive						participle
		active			passive			active			passive
present		dūrāre			dūrārī			dūrāns			—
future		dūrātūrum esse			dūrātum īrī			dūrātūrus			dūrandus
perfect		dūrāvisse, dūrāsse1			dūrātum esse			—			dūrātus
future perfect		—			dūrātum fore			—			—
perfect potential		dūrātūrum fuisse			—			—			—
verbal nouns		gerund								supine
		genitive		dative		accusative		ablative		accusative		ablative
		dūrandī		dūrandō		dūrandum		dūrandō		dūrātum		dūrātū

¹At least one rare poetic syncopated perfect form is attested.

Derived terms

• dūrātiō
• ēdūrō
• indūrō
• obdūrō

Descendants

• Italo-Dalmatian:
  • Dalmatian: dorur
  • Italian: durare
  • Venetan: durar
    • → Cimbrian: duraaran
• Gallo-Romance:
  • Catalan: durar
  • Old French: durer (see there for further descendants)
  • Old Occitan: durar
    • Occitan: durar
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Asturian: durar
  • Old Galician-Portuguese: durar
    • Galician: durar
    • Portuguese: durar
  • Spanish: durar
• Borrowings:
  • → Albanian: duroj

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Adjective

dūrō

1. dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of dūrus

References

• “duro”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “duro”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "durare", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• duro in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “durable”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC..

Portuguese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdu.ɾu/

• Rhymes: -uɾu
• Hyphenation: du‧ro

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese duro, from Latin dūrus, from Proto-Italic *dūros, from Proto-Indo-European *duh₂-ró-s (“long”), from *dweh₂- (“far, long”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δηρός (dērós, “long”), Sanskrit दूर (dūrá, “distant, far, long”).

Adjective

duro (feminine dura, masculine plural duros, feminine plural duras, comparable, comparative mais duro, superlative o mais duro or duríssimo)

1. hard (resistant to pressure; not soft)
   • 1910, João Simões Lopes Neto, “No mais duro pau d'espinho”, in Cancioneiro Guasca:

     No mais duro pau d'espinho / Nasce uma rosa fragrante, / Quem não tem peito valoroso / Não conquista a lei de amante.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. hard (difficult; not easy)
   • 1899, Machado de Assis, chapter XX, in Dom Casmurro‎^[2], Obliqpress, published 2013:

     Era muito duro subir uma ladeira de joelhos; devia feril-os por força. A Terra-Santa ficava muito longe. As missas eram numerosas, podiam empenhar-me outra vez a alma....

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 1927, Humberto de Campos, “O escravo coroado”, in O Brasil Anedótico:

     — Ah, meu senhor grande, — lamentava-se o mísero, — como é duro ser escravo!

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

3. unrelenting, unfriendly, severe, brutal, harsh
   • 1890, Aluísio Azevedo, O Cortiço, Rio de Janeiro: B. L. Garnier:

     Proprietário e estabelecido por sua conta, o rapaz atirou-se à labutação ainda com mais ardor, possuindo-se de tal delírio de enriquecer, que afrontava resignado as mais duras provações.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 13th c., “Don Beeito, home duro”, João Airas de Santiago (lyrics)‎^[3]:

     Don Beeito, home duro, / foi beijar pelo obscuro / a mia senhor.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

4. (Brazil, colloquial) broke, penniless (with little or no money)

   Synonyms: limpo, liso, teso

5. (Brazil, colloquial, of a penis) erect

Derived terms

• duramente

Related terms

• durar
• dureza

Adverb

duro (comparable, comparative mais duro, superlative o mais duro)

1. hard

   Ele trabalha duro.

   He works hard.

Further reading

• “duro”, in iDicionário Aulete (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2025
• “duro”, in Dicio – Dicionário Online de Português (in Portuguese), Porto: 7Graus, 2009–2025
• “duro”, in Dicionário inFormal (in Portuguese), 2006–2025
• “duro”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2025
• “duro”, in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Melhoramentos, 2015–2025
• “duro”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

duro

1. first-person singular present indicative of durar

Further reading

• “duro”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈduɾo/ [ˈd̪u.ɾo]

• Audio (Colombia):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -uɾo
• Syllabification: du‧ro

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Spanish duro, from Latin dūrus, from Proto-Italic *dūros, from Proto-Indo-European *duh₂-ró-s (“long”), from *dweh₂- (“far, long”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δηρός (dērós, “long”), Sanskrit दूर (dūrá, “distant, far, long”).

Adjective

duro (feminine dura, masculine plural duros, feminine plural duras, superlative durísimo)

1. hard

   Antonym: blando

2. firm, solid
3. hard, difficult
4. tough, resilient, strong
5. harsh, cruel, severe
6. unbearable, heavy
7. rude, offensive
8. mean, stingy, ungenerous
9. rough, uncouth
10. stiff, rigid
11. (of a penis or person with a penis) hard, erect
12. (cooking) hard-boiled
13. (slang) hardcore
14. (pornography) hardcore
15. (Mexico) drunk, tipsy

    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:borracho

Derived terms

• a buen hambre no hay pan duro
• a las duras y a las maduras
• a mucha hambre, no hay pan duro
• agua dura
• cabeciduro
• cabeza dura
• disco duro
• durillo
• duro de pelar
• hacerse el duro
• huevo duro
• línea dura
• mano dura
• núcleo duro
• paladar duro
• puro y duro
• tapa dura

Related terms

• durar
• dureza
• endurecer

Noun

duro m (plural duros)

1. hardball (i.e. a no-nonsense attitude)
3. (Spain, colloquial, historical) coin worth 5 pesetas

   Coordinate term: pela

Derived terms

• faltar el canto de un duro (“to be a close shave, to be a close call”)
• no importar lo duro, no importar cuan duro (“no matter how hard”)
• nadie da duros a pesetas (“you get what you pay for”)
• jugar duro (“to play hardball”)

Descendants

• → Catalan: duro

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

duro

1. first-person singular present indicative of durar

Further reading

• “duro”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

Anagrams

• rudo, urdo

Tagalog

Etymology

Compare turo.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈduɾoʔ/ [ˈd̪uː.ɾoʔ]
• Rhymes: -uɾoʔ
• Syllabification: du‧ro

Noun

durò (Baybayin spelling ᜇᜓᜇᜓ)

1. act of pricking something with a pin (or another pointed instrument)

   Synonyms: pagduro, pagtusok, pagturok

2. puncture; prick (made by a sharp point)
3. poking with one's finger (especially with condescension)
4. (figurative) condescension toward someone (especially accompanied by finger-pointing)

Derived terms

• duro-duro
• duruan
• duruin
• iduro
• magduro
• manduro
• pagduro

Yoruba

Alternative forms

• dúó (Oǹdó)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dú.ɾó/

Verb

dúró

1. (intransitive) to wait

   Ìyá mi ń dúró dè wọ́n. ― My mum's waiting for them.

2. (intransitive) to stay

   Lásìkò kòrónà yìí a gbọ́dọ̀ dúró sílé. ― In these corona times we must stay at home.

3. (intransitive) to stand

   Ó dúró bí igi. ― It stood like a tree.

   Òdòdó róòsù dúró fún ìfẹ́. ― The rose stands for love.

Usage notes

• used with dè (for)

Derived terms

• dá dúró
• ìdúró
• dúró ṣinṣin
• dúró gbọn-in gbọn-in