hacker
English[edit]

Etymology[edit]
From Middle English hakker, hackere, hakkere, equivalent to hack + -er.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
hacker (plural hackers)
- (telecommunications) A person who attempts to gain unauthorized access, esp. remotely, to a computer system or network (= computer hacker), or (in earliest use) a telephone network. Later also: a person who gains unauthorized access to another's telephone communications or data; = phone hacker.
- 1963 with reference to students who hacked into and disrupted the telephone network at Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Tech (Massachusetts Inst. of Tech.) 1 Nov. 20 Many telephone services have been curtailed because of so-called hackers... The hackers have accomplished such things as tying up all the tie-lines between Harvard and MIT, or making long-distance calls... One method involved connecting the PDP-1 computer to the phone system to search the lines until a dial tone, indicating an outside line, was found. "hacker, n.". OED Online. March 2022. Oxford University Press.
- (computing) One who is expert at programming and solving problems with a computer.
- 1968 September, Thompson, Rory Jack, “Acknowledgments”, in Howard, Louis N., editor, Instabilities of some time-dependent flows[1], Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, archived from the original on 2015-09-23, page 107:
- The Electrical Engineering Department, J. McKenzie in particular, for allowing me to use the PDP-1 computer to do the extensive computations, draw graphs, and even type this thesis. In this connection Charles Landau did some of the programming, Luella Thompson did most of the typing, and W. B. Ackermann helped when the machine would not cooperate. Many other computer hackers also willingly offered advice.
- 1984, Venture, volume 6, part 1, page 142:
- A hacker starts with nothing but a dream and a floppy disk and presently finds himself in a business that's doubled and trebled. Three "diskzines" — magazines on floppy disks — started cheaply by entrepreneurs who placed ads in obscure computer journals […]
- 1990s, Joe Chidley, Maclean's Magazine:
- Hackers are people who simply love playing with computers
- (computing) One who uses a computer to gain unauthorized access to data, or to carry out malicious attacks.
- Synonym: (outside US) cracker
- 2007, Committee on Improving Cybersecurity Research in the United States, Toward a Safer and More Secure Cyberspace
- Typically, one hacker will annoy another; the offended party replies by launching a denial-of-service attack against the offender.
- (computing) A computer security professional.
- Something that hacks; a tool or device for hacking.
- 1825?, "Hannah Limbrick, Executed for Murder", in The Newgate Calendar: comprising interesting memoirs of the most notorious characters, page 231:
- Thomas Limbrick, who was only nine years of age, said he lived with his mother when Deborah was beat: that his mother throwed her down all along with her hands; and then against a wall, and kicked her in the belly: that afterwards she picked her up, and beat her with the hacker on the side of the head; wiped the blood off with a dish-clout, and took her up to bed after she was dead.
- July 1846, John Macleod, "The Tar and Turpentine Business of North Carolina", on page 15 of the Monthly Journal of Agriculture, volume II, number 1:
- When the dipping is thus over, the next work is to "chip" or scarify the tree immediately over the box [...]. This is done by an instrument usually called a "hacker," sometimes "shave." Its form is somewhat like a "round shave," narrowing at the cutting place to the diameter of an inch, with a shank, to be fixed securely into a strong, heavy handle of about two feet in length, while the faces of the trees are low, but the handle is made longer as years advance the faces higher.
- 1877, Reports and Awards of the United States Centennial Commission (regarding the) International Exhibition, 1876 (Francis A. Walker, editor), Reports on Awards, Group XXI, page 13:
- 23. George C. howard, Philadelphia, U.S.
- GRINDSTONE HACKER.
- Report.--Commended for the contrivance of an instrument, called a "hacker," that is used in trimming grindstones. This hacker turns with the stone, and is drawn across in a slide rest, and fulfills its important function satisfactorily.
- 1825?, "Hannah Limbrick, Executed for Murder", in The Newgate Calendar: comprising interesting memoirs of the most notorious characters, page 231:
- (UK, regional) A fork-shaped tool used to harvest root vegetables.
- 1891, Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d’Urbervilles, Chapter 43,[2]
- The upper half of each turnip had been eaten off by the live-stock, and it was the business of the two women to grub up the lower or earthy half of the root with a hooked fork called a hacker, that it might be eaten also.
- 1893, George Edward Dartnell and Edward Hungerford Goddard, A Glossary of Words Used in the County of Wiltshire, London: English Dialect Society, p. 72,[3]
- […] a ‘tater-hacker,’ an old three-grained garden-fork, which by bending down the tines or ‘grains’ at right angles to the handle has been converted into something resembling a rake, but used as a hoe.
- 1891, Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d’Urbervilles, Chapter 43,[2]
- Someone who hacks.
- Particularly, one who cuts with rough or heavy blows.
- 1902, Our Wonderful Progress, Trumbull White (editor), page 623–624:
- In January or February the "hacker," with his keen-bladed ax, begins the round which ends the season. [...] About a quart of sap is taken from each box by means of the trowel-shaped scoop used by the dipper, and then the hacker comes along and starts the flow afresh by wounding the tree again.
- 1902, Our Wonderful Progress, Trumbull White (editor), page 623–624:
- Particularly, one who kicks wildly or roughly.
- Particularly, one who is consistent and focuses on accomplishing a task or several tasks.
- Particularly, one who cuts with rough or heavy blows.
- (US) One who is inexperienced or unskilled at a particular activity, especially a sport such as golf or tennis.
- a tennis hacker
- 1969, Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five, New York: Dial, 2005, Chapter 4, p. 108,[4]
- And then Billy was a middle-aged optometrist again, playing hacker’s golf this time—on a blazing summer Sunday morning.
- (US) One who operates a taxicab.
- 1939, Raymond Chandler, Trouble is my business:
- Start runnin' for a streetcar and they open up with machine guns and bump two pedestrians, a hacker asleep in his cab, and an old scrubwoman on the second floor workin' a mop. And they miss the guy they're after.
- 1965 January 24, “Bird Costs Cabbie $10”, in Hartford Courant:
- Washington Hacker Charles A. Culp and his pet macaw parrot, Capt. Bligh, ran afoul of the law when a policeman charged Culp with....
- 1972, Richard Lockridge, Write murder down:
- "That's Brooklyn," the hacker said, his tone accusing. "I don't go to Brooklyn, mister. Anyways, I'm due at the garage." Nathan Shapiro is usually gentle with cab drivers. He was not, this hot afternoon of a fruitless day
Usage notes[edit]
- There are significantly more meanings of the word within the United States[1] than in other English-speaking nations.
- The use of the word hacker to indicate a person who displays skill, particularly with computers, may be misunderstood [2] as implying the narrow meaning of unauthorised intrusion into electronic systems (also known as a cracker or occasionally black hat). This serious misunderstanding in the field of computer expertise is perhaps particularly common outside the United States.
- Some computer enthusiasts object to the use of hacker for a person who breaks into computer systems, preferring cracker for this sense.
- Most recently there has been a tendency to use hacker in a positive sense in other domains: growth hacker, food hacker, sex hacker, etc.
Descendants[edit]
- → Czech: hacker
- → Danish: hacker
- → Dutch: hacker
- → Finnish: hakkeri
- → French: hacker
- → German: Hacker
- → Greek: χάκερ (cháker)
- → Hebrew: האקר (háker)
- → Hindi: हैकर (haikar)
- → Hungarian: hacker
- → Japanese: ハッカー (hakkā)
- → Korean: 해커 (haekeo)
- → Polish: haker
- → Portuguese: hacker
- → Russian: ха́кер (xáker)
- → Kazakh: хакер (xaker)
- → Ukrainian: га́кер (háker), ха́кер (xáker)
- → Serbo-Croatian: hȁker, ха̏кер
- → Spanish: hacker, hácker, jáquer
- → Thai: แฮ็กเกอร์ (hɛ́k-gə̂ə)
Translations[edit]
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References[edit]
- ^ “hacker”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
- ^ “hacker”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
Further reading[edit]
hacker on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
- Hacker's dictionary definition of hacker US only
- RFC1392 - Internet Users' Glossary, Jan 1993
Czech[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
hacker m
- hacker (one who uses a computer to gain unauthorized access to data, or to carry out malicious attacks)
Derived terms[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- hacker in Akademický slovník cizích slov, 1995, at prirucka.ujc.cas.cz
Danish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Borrowed from English hacker, equivalent to hacke + -er.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
hacker c (singular definite hackeren, plural indefinite hackere)
Declension[edit]
Verb[edit]
hacker
Dutch[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
- (Netherlands) IPA(key): /ˈɦɛ.kər)/
Audio (file) - Hyphenation: hac‧ker
- Rhymes: -ɛkər
Noun[edit]
hacker m (plural hackers)
- A hacker.
Related terms[edit]
French[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Noun[edit]
hacker m (plural hackers)
Etymology 2[edit]
Verb[edit]
hacker
Conjugation[edit]
infinitive | simple | hacker | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle or gerund1 | simple | hackant /a.kɑ̃/ | |||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
past participle | hacké /a.ke/ | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | hacke /ak/ |
hackes /ak/ |
hacke /ak/ |
hackons /a.kɔ̃/ |
hackez /a.ke/ |
hackent /ak/ |
imperfect | hackais /a.kɛ/ |
hackais /a.kɛ/ |
hackait /a.kɛ/ |
hackions /a.kjɔ̃/ |
hackiez /a.kje/ |
hackaient /a.kɛ/ | |
past historic2 | hackai /a.ke/ |
hackas /a.ka/ |
hacka /a.ka/ |
hackâmes /a.kam/ |
hackâtes /a.kat/ |
hackèrent /a.kɛʁ/ | |
future | hackerai /a.kʁe/ |
hackeras /a.kʁa/ |
hackera /a.kʁa/ |
hackerons /a.kʁɔ̃/ |
hackerez /a.kʁe/ |
hackeront /a.kʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | hackerais /a.kʁɛ/ |
hackerais /a.kʁɛ/ |
hackerait /a.kʁɛ/ |
hackerions /a.kə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
hackeriez /a.kə.ʁje/ |
hackeraient /a.kʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | hacke /ak/ |
hackes /ak/ |
hacke /ak/ |
hackions /a.kjɔ̃/ |
hackiez /a.kje/ |
hackent /ak/ |
imperfect2 | hackasse /a.kas/ |
hackasses /a.kas/ |
hackât /a.ka/ |
hackassions /a.ka.sjɔ̃/ |
hackassiez /a.ka.sje/ |
hackassent /a.kas/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | hacke /ak/ |
— | hackons /a.kɔ̃/ |
hackez /a.ke/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
Hungarian[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
hacker (plural hackerek)
- (computing) hacker (one who is expert at programming and solving problems with a computer)
- (computing) hacker (one who uses a computer to gain unauthorized access to data, or to carry out malicious attacks)
Declension[edit]
Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | hacker | hackerek |
accusative | hackert | hackereket |
dative | hackernek | hackereknek |
instrumental | hackerrel | hackerekkel |
causal-final | hackerért | hackerekért |
translative | hackerré | hackerekké |
terminative | hackerig | hackerekig |
essive-formal | hackerként | hackerekként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | hackerben | hackerekben |
superessive | hackeren | hackereken |
adessive | hackernél | hackereknél |
illative | hackerbe | hackerekbe |
sublative | hackerre | hackerekre |
allative | hackerhez | hackerekhez |
elative | hackerből | hackerekből |
delative | hackerről | hackerekről |
ablative | hackertől | hackerektől |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
hackeré | hackereké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
hackeréi | hackerekéi |
Possessive forms of hacker | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | hackerem | hackereim |
2nd person sing. | hackered | hackereid |
3rd person sing. | hackere | hackerei |
1st person plural | hackerünk | hackereink |
2nd person plural | hackeretek | hackereitek |
3rd person plural | hackerük | hackereik |
Portuguese[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Unadapted borrowing from English hacker.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
hacker m or f by sense (plural hackers)
- (computing) hacker (one who is expert at programming and solving problems with a computer)
- (computing) hacker (one who uses a computer to gain unauthorised access to data)
Derived terms[edit]
Romanian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Unadapted borrowing from English hacker.
Noun[edit]
hacker m (plural hackeri)
Declension[edit]
singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
indefinite articulation | definite articulation | indefinite articulation | definite articulation | |
nominative/accusative | (un) hacker | hackerul | (niște) hackeri | hackerii |
genitive/dative | (unui) hacker | hackerului | (unor) hackeri | hackerilor |
vocative | hackerule | hackerilor |
Spanish[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Unadapted borrowing from English hacker.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
hacker m or f (plural hackers or hacker)
Usage notes[edit]
According to Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) prescriptions, unadapted foreign words should be written in italics in a text printed in roman type, and vice versa, and in quotation marks in a manuscript text or when italics are not available. In practice, this RAE prescription is not always followed.
Derived terms[edit]
- hackear (verb)
Further reading[edit]
- “hacker”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
- “hacker” in Lexico, Oxford University Press.
- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms suffixed with -er (agent noun)
- English 2-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio links
- Rhymes:English/ækə(ɹ)
- Rhymes:English/ækə(ɹ)/2 syllables
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English countable nouns
- en:Telecommunications
- en:Computing
- English terms with quotations
- British English
- Regional English
- American English
- English terms with usage examples
- en:People
- Czech terms borrowed from English
- Czech terms derived from English
- Czech terms with IPA pronunciation
- Czech lemmas
- Czech nouns
- Czech masculine nouns
- Danish terms borrowed from English
- Danish terms derived from English
- Danish terms suffixed with -er
- Danish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Danish lemmas
- Danish nouns
- Danish common-gender nouns
- da:Computing
- Danish verbs
- Dutch terms borrowed from English
- Dutch terms derived from English
- Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation
- Dutch terms with audio links
- Rhymes:Dutch/ɛkər
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch nouns
- Dutch nouns with plural in -s
- Dutch masculine nouns
- French 2-syllable words
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- French terms with audio links
- French terms borrowed from English
- French terms derived from English
- French lemmas
- French nouns
- French countable nouns
- French masculine nouns
- fr:Computing
- French terms suffixed with -er
- French verbs
- French verbs with conjugation -er
- French first group verbs
- Hungarian terms borrowed from English
- Hungarian terms derived from English
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Hungarian terms with manual IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Hungarian/ɛr
- Rhymes:Hungarian/ɛr/2 syllables
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian nouns
- hu:Computing
- Portuguese terms borrowed from English
- Portuguese unadapted borrowings from English
- Portuguese terms derived from English
- Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Portuguese lemmas
- Portuguese nouns
- Portuguese countable nouns
- Portuguese masculine nouns
- Portuguese feminine nouns
- Portuguese nouns with multiple genders
- Portuguese masculine and feminine nouns by sense
- pt:Computing
- Romanian terms borrowed from English
- Romanian unadapted borrowings from English
- Romanian terms derived from English
- Romanian lemmas
- Romanian nouns
- Romanian countable nouns
- Romanian masculine nouns
- Spanish terms borrowed from English
- Spanish unadapted borrowings from English
- Spanish terms derived from English
- Spanish 2-syllable words
- Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Spanish/akeɾ
- Rhymes:Spanish/akeɾ/2 syllables
- Spanish lemmas
- Spanish nouns
- Spanish countable nouns
- Spanish masculine nouns
- Spanish feminine nouns
- Spanish nouns with multiple genders
- es:Computing