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ke- -an

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See also: kean

Indonesian

Etymology

Inherited from Malay ke- -an, from Proto-Malayic *ka- -an, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka- -an, from Proto-Austronesian *ka- -an, compound of *ka- +‎ *-an, equivalent to ke- +‎ -an. Semantic loan from Javanese ꦏ- -ꦲꦤ꧀ (ka- -han) for sense of too [base] or exceed.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kə an/

Circumfix

-ness; appended to adjectives to form nouns meaning "the state of (the adjective)", "the quality of (the adjective)", or "the measure of (the adjective)"
kebaratan ― westness

ketimuran ― eastness

kebesaran ― hugeness

kehausan ― thirst
-ship; appended to a noun to form a new noun denoting a property or state of being, time spent in a role, or a specialised union.
kepemimpinan ― leadership

kepulauan ― archipelago
-dom; Forming nouns denoting the domain or jurisdiction of the suffixed word.
kerajaan ― kingdom
-ity; Used to form a noun from an adjective; especially, to form the noun referring to the state, property, or quality of conforming to the adjective's description.
ketercapaian ― accessibility
-tion;
keadaan ― condition
Used to form adversative verbs or adjectives: to suffer or to get of noun or verb bases
‎racun (“poison”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎keracunan (“poisoned”)

‎ciprat + ‎ke- -an → ‎kecipratan

‎lapar + ‎ke- -an → ‎kelaparan (“to suffer from hunger”)

‎hilang + ‎ke- -an → ‎kehilangan (“to suffer the loss of”)
(colloquial or informal) adjective forming for too [base] or exceed, affixed into adjective, adverb, or noun
‎sempit (“tight”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎kesempitan (“tightness, too tight”)

‎kecil (“small”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎kekecilan (“too small”)

‎malam (“night”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎kemalaman (“too late”)

Derived terms

Indonesian terms circumfixed with ke- -an

keabadian-keabadian

keberlangsungan

kekanak-kanakan

Further reading

“ke--an”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Malay

Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *kə- -an, from Proto-Austronesian *ka- -an.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kə- -an/

Circumfix

-ness; appended to adjectives to form nouns meaning "the state of (the adjective)", "the quality of (the adjective)", or "the measure of (the adjective)"
‎cantik (“beautiful”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎kecantikan (“beauty”)

‎besar (“huge”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎kebesaran (“hugeness”)

‎haus (“thirsty”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎kehausan (“thirst”)
-ship; appended to a noun to form a new noun denoting a property or state of being, time spent in a role, or a specialised union.
‎pimpin (“to lead”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎kepimpinan (“leadership”)
-dom; Forming nouns denoting the domain or jurisdiction of the suffixed word.
‎raja (“king”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎kerajaan (“government, kingdom”)
-ity; Used to form a noun from an adjective; especially, to form the noun referring to the state, property, or quality of conforming to the adjective's description.
‎tercapai (“accessibile”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎ketercapaian (“accessibility”)
-tion;
‎ada (“to be (exist)”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎keadaan (“condition”)
Used to form adversative verbs or adjectives: to suffer or to get of noun or verb bases.
‎racun (“poison”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎keracunan (“to be poisoned”)

‎lapar (“hungry”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎kelaparan (“to suffer from hunger”)

‎hilang (“to lose something”) + ‎ke- -an → ‎kehilangan (“to suffer the loss of”)

Derived terms

Malay terms circumfixed with ke- -an

kebolehpercayaan

kecendekiawanan

kejingga-jinggaan

kemasam-masaman

ketidakmungkinan

Descendants

Indonesian: ke- -an

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