mesti

See also: mestî, mēšti, and мести

Indonesian

Etymology

Inherited from Malay mesti, from Javanese ꦩꦼꦱ꧀ꦛꦶ (mesthi), probably from Old Javanese muṣṭi, from Sanskrit मुष्टि (muṣṭi, “fist, clenched hand”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *muštíš (“fist”). Possibly related to English must. Doublet of pasti.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [məsˈti]
• Hyphenation: mês‧ti

Adverb

mêsti

1. must

   Synonym: harus

2. sure

   Synonyms: pasti, tentu

Alternative forms

• musti

Derived terms

• kemestian
• memestikan
• semestinya

Further reading

• “mesti”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Italian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmɛs.ti/
• Rhymes: -ɛsti
• Hyphenation: mè‧sti

Adjective

mesti

1. masculine plural of mesto

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmes.ti/, /ˈmɛs.ti/
• Rhymes: -esti, -ɛsti
• Hyphenation: mé‧sti, mè‧sti

Verb

mesti

1. inflection of mestare:
   1. second-person singular present indicative
   2. first/second/third-person singular present subjunctive
   3. third-person singular imperative

Anagrams

• miste, stime, tmesi

Kabuverdianu

Etymology

From Portuguese mister.

Verb

mesti

1. must
2. to need

Lithuanian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *met-; according to Pokorny, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁- (“to measure”). Cognate with Latvian mest (“to throw”), Proto-Slavic *mesti (“to throw; to sweep”) (whence Polish mieść (“to throw; sweep”)), and see the Proto-Slavic for more.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈmʲɛsʲtʲɪ]

Verb

mèsti (third-person present tense mẽta, third-person past tense mẽtė)

1. to throw
2. to drop
3. to give up (a habit, such as smoking)

Conjugation

Conjugation of mesti

		singular vienaskaita				plural daugiskaita
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
		aš	tu	jis/ji		mes	jūs	jie/jos
indicative tiesioginė nuosaka	present esamasis laikas	metù	meti̇̀	mẽta		mẽtame, mẽtam	mẽtate, mẽtat	mẽta
	past būtasis kartinis laikas	mečiaũ	metei̇̃	mẽtė		mẽtėme, mẽtėm	mẽtėte, mẽtėt	mẽtė
	past frequentative būtasis dažninis laikas	mèsdavau	mèsdavai	mèsdavo		mèsdavome, mèsdavom	mèsdavote, mèsdavot	mèsdavo
	future būsimasis laikas	mèsiu	mèsi	mès		mèsime, mèsim	mèsite, mèsit	mès
subjunctive tariamoji nuosaka		mèsčiau	mèstum	mèstų		mèstumėme, mèstumėm, mèstume	mèstumėte, mèstumėt	mèstų
imperative liepiamoji nuosaka		—	mèsk, mèski	temẽta		mèskime, mèskim	mèskite, mèskit	temẽta

Participles of mesti

adjectival (dalyviai) active passive present mẽtąs, mẽtantis mẽtomas past mẽtęs mèstas past frequentative mèsdavęs — future mèsiąs, mèsiantis mèsimas participle of necessity — mèstinas adverbial special pusdalyvis mèsdamas half-participle padalyviai present mẽtant past mẽtus past frequentative mèsdavus future mèsiant manner of action būdinys mestè, mestinai

Synonyms

• (to throw): blokšti, drėbti, sviesti; (iteratively) mėtyti

Derived terms

Prefixed verbs

• išmesti
• įmesti
• numesti

Nouns

• metė́jas m, metė́ja f
• meti̇̀kas m, meti̇̀kė f
• meti̇̀mas m (verbal noun)

Related terms

(nouns):

• i̇̀šmatos f pl
• mẽtai m pl

(verb):

• (frequentative) mėtyti

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [mʲɛsʲˈtʲɪ]

Participle

mesti̇̀ m

1. nominative masculine plural of mẽstas

Anagrams

• semti

Malay

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -i
• IPA^(key): [məsti], [mesti]

Adverb

mesti (Jawi spelling مستي)

1. must

Synonyms

• harus

Descendants

• > Indonesian: mesti (inherited)

Further reading

• "mesti" in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM) [Malay Literary Reference Centre (PRPM)] (in Malay), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *mesti.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /mêsti/
• Hyphenation: me‧sti

Verb

mȅsti impf (Cyrillic spelling ме̏сти)

1. (ambitransitive) to sweep

Conjugation

Conjugation of mesti

infinitive		mesti
present verbal adverb		mètūći
past verbal adverb		—
verbal noun		mètēnje
		singular			plural
		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
present		metem	meteš	mete	metemo	metete	metu
future	future I	mest ću1 mešću	mest ćeš1 mešćeš	mest će1 mešće	mest ćemo1 mešćemo	mest ćete1 mešćete	mest ćē1 mešće
	future II	bȕdēm meo2	bȕdēš meo2	bȕdē meo2	bȕdēmo meli2	bȕdēte meli2	bȕdū meli2
past	perfect	meo sam2	meo si2	meo je2	meli smo2	meli ste2	meli su2
	pluperfect3	bȉo sam meo2	bȉo si meo2	bȉo je meo2	bíli smo meli2	bíli ste meli2	bíli su meli2
	imperfect	metijah / metah	metijaše / metaše	metijaše / metaše	metijasmo / metasmo	metijaste / metaste	metijahu / metahu
conditional	conditional I	meo bih2	meo bi2	meo bi2	meli bismo2	meli biste2	meli bi2
	conditional II4	bȉo bih meo2	bȉo bi meo2	bȉo bi meo2	bíli bismo meli2	bíli biste meli2	bíli bi meli2
imperative		—	mèti	—	mètimo	mètite	—
active past participle		meo m / mela f / melo n			meli m / mele f / mela n
passive past participle		meten m / metena f / meteno n			meteni m / metene f / metena n

¹   Croatian spelling: others omit the infinitive suffix completely and bind the clitic.
²   For masculine nouns; a feminine or neuter agent would use the feminine and neuter gender forms of the active past participle and auxiliary verb, respectively.
³   Often replaced by the past perfect in colloquial speech, i.e. the auxiliary verb biti (“to be”) is routinely dropped.
⁴   Often replaced by the conditional I in colloquial speech, i.e. the auxiliary verb biti (“to be”) is routinely dropped.
  *Note: The aorist and imperfect were not present in, or have nowadays fallen into disuse in, many dialects and therefore they are routinely replaced by the past perfect in both formal and colloquial speech.

Derived terms

• pòmesti pf
• smȅsti pf
• zàmesti pf

Further reading

• “mesti”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

Slovene

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *mesti.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /mɛ̀ːsti/

Verb

mésti impf

1. to sweep

Conjugation

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Slavic *męsti.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /mèːsti/, /mɛ̀ːsti/

Verb

mẹ́sti or mésti impf

1. to churn (butter)

Conjugation

Obstruent + -ti -em (AP b)
infinitive	mẹ́sti, mésti
1st singular	mẹ́dem, mẹ́tem, médem, métem
infinitive	mẹ́sti, mésti			mẹ̑st, mȅst, mȇst
supine	mẹ̑st, mȅst, mȇst
verbal noun	mẹ́denje, mẹ́tenje, medénje, meténje
	participle			converb
present	medọ̄č, metọ̄č			—
past	mẹ̑den, mẹ̑ten, medȅn, metȅn			—
l-participle	masculine		feminine		neuter
singular	mẹ̄dəł, mẹ̄təł		mẹ́dla, mẹ́tla, mēdla, mētla		mẹ́dlo, mẹ́tlo, mēdlo, mētlo
dual	mẹ́dla, mẹ́tla, mēdla, mētla		mẹ́dli, mẹ́tli, mēdli, mētli		mẹ́dli, mẹ́tli, mēdli, mētli
plural	mẹ́dli, mẹ́tli, mēdli, mētli		mẹ́dle, mẹ́tle, mēdle, mētle		mẹ́dla, mẹ́tla, mēdla, mētla
	present			imperative
1st singular	mẹ́dem, mẹ́tem, médem, métem			—
2nd singular	mẹ́deš, mẹ́teš, médeš, méteš			mẹ́di, mẹ́ti, médi, méti
3rd singular	mẹ́de, mẹ́te, méde, méte			—
1st dual	mẹ́deva, mẹ́teva, médeva, méteva			mẹ́diva, mẹ́tiva, medȋva, metȋva
2nd dual	mẹ́deta, mẹ́teta, médeta, méteta			mẹ́dita, mẹ́tita, medȋta, metȋta
3rd dual	mẹ́deta, mẹ́teta, médeta, méteta			—
1st plural	mẹ́demo, mẹ́temo, médemo, métemo			mẹ́dimo, mẹ́timo, medȋmo, metȋmo
2nd plural	mẹ́dete, mẹ́tete, médete, métete			mẹ́dite, mẹ́tite, medȋte, metȋte
3rd plural	mẹ́dejo, mẹ́tejo, médejo, métejo			—

Derived terms

• zmẹ́sti

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

mesti

1. inflection of mesto:
   1. nominative/accusative dual
   2. instrumental plural

Further reading

• “mesti”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
• “mesti”, in Termania, Amebis
• See also the general references