runo

See also: rúno and Rūnõ

Esperanto

Etymology

From English rune, German Rune, and similar terms.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈruno/
• Rhymes: -uno
• Syllabification: ru‧no

Noun

runo (accusative singular runon, plural runoj, accusative plural runojn)

1. rune

Further reading

• “runo”, in Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto [Complete Illustrated Dictionary of Esperanto], 2020, →ISBN
• “runo”, in Reta Vortaro [Online Dictionary] (in Esperanto), 1997-2026

Finnish

Etymology

Borrowed from Proto-Norse ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (runo), from Proto-Germanic *rūnō (“letter, literature, secret”), possibly from Proto-Celtic *rūnā. Compare English rune and Swedish runa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈruno/, [ˈruno̞]
• Rhymes: -uno
• Syllabification^(key): ru‧no
• Hyphenation^(key): ru‧no

Noun

runo

1. poem (piece of poetry)
2. synonym of runous (“poetry”)
3. rune (only in the rare sense of a Finnish poem, or a division of one, especially a division of the Kalevala)
4. (obsolete) singer, poet

Declension

Inflection of runo (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation)
nominative		runo	runot
genitive		runon	runojen
partitive		runoa	runoja
illative		runoon	runoihin
		singular	plural
nominative		runo	runot
accusative	nom.	runo	runot
	gen.	runon
genitive		runon	runojen
partitive		runoa	runoja
inessive		runossa	runoissa
elative		runosta	runoista
illative		runoon	runoihin
adessive		runolla	runoilla
ablative		runolta	runoilta
allative		runolle	runoille
essive		runona	runoina
translative		runoksi	runoiksi
abessive		runotta	runoitta
instructive		—	runoin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of runo (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative runoni runoni accusative nom. runoni runoni gen. runoni genitive runoni runojeni partitive runoani runojani inessive runossani runoissani elative runostani runoistani illative runooni runoihini adessive runollani runoillani ablative runoltani runoiltani allative runolleni runoilleni essive runonani runoinani translative runokseni runoikseni abessive runottani runoittani instructive — — comitative — runoineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative runosi runosi accusative nom. runosi runosi gen. runosi genitive runosi runojesi partitive runoasi runojasi inessive runossasi runoissasi elative runostasi runoistasi illative runoosi runoihisi adessive runollasi runoillasi ablative runoltasi runoiltasi allative runollesi runoillesi essive runonasi runoinasi translative runoksesi runoiksesi abessive runottasi runoittasi instructive — — comitative — runoinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative runomme runomme accusative nom. runomme runomme gen. runomme genitive runomme runojemme partitive runoamme runojamme inessive runossamme runoissamme elative runostamme runoistamme illative runoomme runoihimme adessive runollamme runoillamme ablative runoltamme runoiltamme allative runollemme runoillemme essive runonamme runoinamme translative runoksemme runoiksemme abessive runottamme runoittamme instructive — — comitative — runoinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative runonne runonne accusative nom. runonne runonne gen. runonne genitive runonne runojenne partitive runoanne runojanne inessive runossanne runoissanne elative runostanne runoistanne illative runoonne runoihinne adessive runollanne runoillanne ablative runoltanne runoiltanne allative runollenne runoillenne essive runonanne runoinanne translative runoksenne runoiksenne abessive runottanne runoittanne instructive — — comitative — runoinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative runonsa runonsa accusative nom. runonsa runonsa gen. runonsa genitive runonsa runojensa partitive runoaan runoansa runojaan runojansa inessive runossaan runossansa runoissaan runoissansa elative runostaan runostansa runoistaan runoistansa illative runoonsa runoihinsa adessive runollaan runollansa runoillaan runoillansa ablative runoltaan runoltansa runoiltaan runoiltansa allative runolleen runollensa runoilleen runoillensa essive runonaan runonansa runoinaan runoinansa translative runokseen runoksensa runoikseen runoiksensa abessive runottaan runottansa runoittaan runoittansa instructive — — comitative — runoineen runoinensa

Derived terms

• runoelma
• runoilla
• runollinen
• Runonen
• runosto
• runotar
• runoton
• runous

compounds

• eläinruno
• hääruno
• jouluruno
• kansanruno
• kertomaruno
• komparuno
• lastenruno
• loitsuruno
• mieteruno
• muinaisruno
• muistoruno
• nimiruno
• paimenruno
• pilkkaruno
• proosaruno
• rakkausruno
• riimiruno
• rooliruno
• runoantologia
• runoasu
• runodraama
• runoeepos
• runojalka
• runokieli
• runokirja
• runokokoelma
• runokuva
• runokäännös
• runolaulu
• runomitta
• runomuoto
• runonkatkelma
• runonlaulaja
• runonlaulanta
• runonlaulu
• runonlausuja
• runonlausunta
• runonpätkä
• runonäytelmä
• runopolvi
• runorytmi
• runosarja
• runosatu
• runoseppo
• runoseppä
• runosikermä
• runosuomennos
• runosuoni
• runosäe
• runosäkeistö
• runosävelmä
• runotaide
• runoteos
• runotoisinto
• runotuotanto
• runovalikoima
• sankariruno
• sotaruno
• sävelruno
• tankaruno
• tilapäisruno
• tilapääruno
• tunnelmaruno

Descendants

• → Ingrian: runo

See also

• Luokka:Runot on the Finnish Wikisource.Wikisource ^fi

Further reading

• “runo”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 3 July 2023

Anagrams

• noru, nuor-, ruon

Ingrian

Etymology

Borrowed from Finnish runo.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈruno/, [ˈruno̞ˑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈruno/, [ˈruno̞ˑ]
• Rhymes: -uno
• Hyphenation: ru‧no

Noun

runo

1. rune (Finnic poem)
   • 1934, V. I. Junus, Lukukirja inkeroisia oppikoteja vart (neljäs klassa), Leningrad: Riikin Izdatelstvo Kirja, page 3:

     Senen peräst kyläs laahittii kaaskoja, arvotuksia, laululoja, runoloja.

     Because of this in the villages they devised fairy tales, riddles, songs, runes.

Declension

Declension of runo (type 4/koivu, no gradation, gemination)
	singular	plural
nominative	runo	runot
genitive	runon	runnoin, runoloin
partitive	runnoa	runoja, runoloja
illative	runnoo	runnoi, runoloihe
inessive	runos	runois, runolois
elative	runost	runoist, runoloist
allative	runolle	runoille, runoloille
adessive	runol	runoil, runoloil
ablative	runolt	runoilt, runoloilt
translative	runoks	runoiks, runoloiks
essive	runonna, runnoon	runoinna, runoloinna, runnoin, runoloin
exessive1)	runont	runoint, runoloint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈru.nɔ/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -unɔ
• Syllabification: ru‧no

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Slavic *runo

Polish runo

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *runo.

Noun

runo n

1. fleece
2. undergrowth (in a forest)

Declension

Declension of runo

	singular	plural
nominative	runo	runa
genitive	runa	run
dative	runu	runom
accusative	runo	runa
instrumental	runem	runami
locative	runie	runach
vocative	runo	runa

Derived terms

adjective

• białorunny

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

runo f

1. vocative singular of runa

Further reading

• “runo”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego‎^[2] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• “runo”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[3] (in Polish)

Anagrams

• urno

Proto-Norse

Romanization

runo

1. romanization of ᚱᚢᚾᛟ

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *runo.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /rǔːno/

Noun

rúno n (Cyrillic spelling ру́но)

1. fleece

Declension

Declension of runo

	singular	plural
nominative	runo	runa
genitive	runa	runa
dative	runu	runima
accusative	runo	runa
vocative	runo	runa
locative	runu	runima
instrumental	runom	runima

Further reading

• “runo”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

runo (Cyrillic spelling руно)

1. vocative singular of runa

Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *runo. First attested in the 19th century.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /rùːnɔ/, /rúːnɔ/

Noun

rūno n

1. fleece

Declension

The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks.

Neuter, hard
nominative	rúno
genitive	rúna
	singular
nominative (imenovȃlnik)	rúno
genitive (rodȋlnik)	rúna
dative (dajȃlnik)	rúnu
accusative (tožȋlnik)	rúno
locative (mẹ̑stnik)	rúnu
instrumental (orọ̑dnik)	rúnom

Further reading

• “runo”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
• “runo”, in Termania, Amebis
• See also the general references

Spanish

Etymology

From runa (“rune”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈruno/ [ˈru.no]
• Rhymes: -uno
• Syllabification: ru‧no

Adjective

runo (feminine runa, masculine plural runos, feminine plural runas)

1. (obsolete) runic

   Synonym: rúnico

Further reading

• “runo”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025

Veps

Etymology

From Proto-Norse ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (runo), perhaps through Finnish runo (possibly as a learned borrowing).

Noun

runo

1. poem
2. rune (Finnic poem)

Inflection

Inflection of runo (inflection type 1/ilo)
nominative sing.	runo
genitive sing.	runon
partitive sing.	runod
partitive plur.	runoid
	singular	plural
nominative	runo	runod
accusative	runon	runod
genitive	runon	runoiden
partitive	runod	runoid
essive-instructive	runon	runoin
translative	runoks	runoikš
inessive	runos	runoiš
elative	runospäi	runoišpäi
illative	runoho	runoihe
adessive	runol	runoil
ablative	runolpäi	runoilpäi
allative	runole	runoile
abessive	runota	runoita
comitative	runonke	runoidenke
prolative	runodme	runoidme
approximative I	runonno	runoidenno
approximative II	runonnoks	runoidennoks
egressive	runonnopäi	runoidennopäi
terminative I	runohosai	runoihesai
terminative II	runolesai	runoilesai
terminative III	runossai	—
additive I	runohopäi	runoihepäi
additive II	runolepäi	runoilepäi

References

• Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “руна, стихотворение”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎^[4], Petrozavodsk: Periodika