tšꜣ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈtaːʃaʀ/ → /ˈtaːʃaʀ/ → /ˈtaːʃə/ → /toːʃ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈtaːʃaʀ/ (infinitive)
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈtaːʃaʀ/ (infinitive)
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈtaːʃə/ (infinitive)
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /toːʃ/ (infinitive)

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /tɛʃɑ/
  • Conventional anglicization: tesha

Verb

 3-lit.

1. to smash (heads), to split (wood) [since Middle Kingdom literature]
   • c. 1859 BCE – 1840 BCE, The Story of Sinuhe, version B (pBerlin 3022 and pAmherst n-q) lines 55–56:

     jꜥ ḥr pw tšꜣ wpwt nj ꜥḥꜥ.n.tw m hꜣw.f

     He is one who takes vengeance (literally, “one who washes the face”), one who smashes brows; one cannot stand in his vicinity.

Inflection

Conjugation of tšꜣ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: tšꜣ, geminated stem: tšꜣꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
tšꜣ	tšꜣw, tšꜣ	tšꜣt	tšꜣ	tšꜣ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
tšꜣ	ḥr tšꜣ	m tšꜣ	r tšꜣ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	tšꜣ.n	tšꜣw, tšꜣ	consecutive	tšꜣ.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	tšꜣt
perfective3	tšꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	tšꜣ.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	tšꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	tšꜣ	tšꜣꜣ	potentialis1	tšꜣ.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	tšꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	tšꜣ.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	tšꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	tšꜣ	tšꜣ, tšꜣw5, tšꜣy5
imperfective	tšꜣ, tšꜣy, tšꜣw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	tšꜣ, tšꜣj6, tšꜣy6	tšꜣ, tšꜣw5
prospective	tšꜣ, tšꜣtj7	—	tšꜣtj4, tšꜣt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of tšꜣ  

tš

Descendants

• Coptic: ⲧⲱϣ (tōš)

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1931) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 5, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 329