tundra

See also: Tundra

English

WOTD – 24 December 2006

Wikipedia

A tundra.

Etymology

Borrowing from Russian ту́ндра ‎(túndra), from Kildin Sami [script needed] ‎(tū̄ndra), the genitive form of тӯндар ‎(tūndar, “treeless plain”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈtʌndɹə/

• Audio (US)

  (file)

Noun

tundra ‎(countable and uncountable, plural tundras)

1. A flat and treeless arctic biome.

Translations

flat treeless arctic region

• Afrikaans: toendra
• Ainu: ヌﾌ ‎(nuf)
• Albanian: tundër (sq)
• Arabic: تُنْدْرَا f ‎(tundrā)
• Armenian: տունդրա ‎(tundra)
• Azeri: tundra
• Belarusian: ту́ндра ‎(túndra)
• Bulgarian: ту́ндра f ‎(túndra)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 凍原 (zh), 冻原 (zh) ‎(dòngyuán), 苔原 (zh) ‎(táiyuán), 凍土層 (zh), 冻土层 (zh) ‎(dòngtǔcéng) (permafrost)

• Czech: tundra (cs) f
• Danish: tundra (da) c
• Dutch: toendra (nl)
• Esperanto: tundro
• Estonian: tundra (et)
• Faroese: tundra f, frostmýra f
• Finnish: tundra (fi)
• French: toundra (fr) f
• Galician: tundra f
• Georgian: ტუნდრა ‎(ṭundra)
• German: Tundra (de) f
• Greek: τούντρα (el) f ‎(toúntra)
• Hawaiian: nakilinaka
• Hebrew: טוּנְדְרָה (he) f ‎(túndra)
• Hindi: टुंड्रा (hi) ‎(ṭuṇḍrā), तुन्द्रा ‎(tundrā)
• Hungarian: tundra (hu)
• Icelandic: freðmýri (is) f, túndra f
• Ido: tundra (io)
• Interlingua: tundra
• Italian: tundra (it) f
• Japanese: ツンドラ ‎(tsundora), 凍原 ‎(とうげん, tōgen)
• Kazakh: тундра ‎(twndra)

• Korean: 툰드라 (ko) ‎(tundeura)
• Kyrgyz: тундра ‎(tundra)
• Latvian: tundra f
• Lithuanian: tundra f
• Macedonian: ту́ндра f ‎(túndra)
• Mongolian: тундр (mn) ‎(tundr)
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: tundra

• Ossetian: тундрæ ‎(tundræ)
• Persian: توندرا (fa) ‎(tundra)
• Polish: tundra (pl) f
• Portuguese: tundra (pt) f
• Romanian: tundră (ro) f
• Russian: ту́ндра (ru) f ‎(túndra)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: тундра f

  Roman: tundra (sh) f

• Shor: кӧдре ‎(ködre)
• Slovak: tundra f
• Slovene: tundra (sl) f
• Spanish: tundra (es) f
• Swedish: tundra (sv) c
• Tagalog: tundra
• Tajik: тундра ‎(tundra)
• Turkish: tundra (tr)
• Turkmen: tundra
• Ukrainian: ту́ндра f ‎(túndra)
• Uzbek: tundra (uz)
• Vietnamese: đài nguyên, đồng rêu, lãnh nguyên
• Volapük: muskän
• Welsh: twndra m
• Yakut: туундара ‎(tuundara)

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Czech

Noun

tundra f

1. tundra (flat and treeless arctic biome)

Declension

Declension of tundra

	singular	plural
nominative	tundra	tundry
genitive	tundry	tunder
dative	tundře	tundrám
accusative	tundru	tundry
vocative	tundro	tundry
locative	tundře	tundrách
instrumental	tundrou	tundrami

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Faroese

Etymology

From Russian ту́ндра ‎(túndra), from Kildin Sami tū̄ndra ‎(tū̄ndra), the genitive form of тӯндар ‎(tūndar, “treeless plain”).

Noun

tundra f (genitive singular tundru, uncountable)

1. tundra (flat and treeless arctic biome)

Declension

Declension of tundra
f1	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	tundra	tundran	tundrur	tundrurnar
accusative	tundru	tundruna	tundrur	tundrurnar
dative	tundru	tundruni	tundrum	tundrunum
genitive	tundru	tundrunnar	tundra	tundranna

Synonyms

• frostmýra

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Finnish

Noun

tundra

1. tundra (flat and treeless arctic biome)

Declension

Inflection of tundra (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
nominative		tundra	tundrat
genitive		tundran	tundrien
partitive		tundraa	tundria
illative		tundraan	tundriin
		singular	plural
nominative		tundra	tundrat
accusative	nom.	tundra	tundrat
	gen.	tundran
genitive		tundran	tundrien tundrainrare
partitive		tundraa	tundria
inessive		tundrassa	tundrissa
elative		tundrasta	tundrista
illative		tundraan	tundriin
adessive		tundralla	tundrilla
ablative		tundralta	tundrilta
allative		tundralle	tundrille
essive		tundrana	tundrina
translative		tundraksi	tundriksi
instructive		—	tundrin
abessive		tundratta	tundritta
comitative		—	tundrineen

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Galician

Noun

tundra f ‎(plural tundras)

1. tundra

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Italian

Etymology

From Russian ту́ндра ‎(túndra), from Kildin Sami tū̄ndra ‎(tū̄ndra), the genitive form of тӯндар ‎(tūndar, “treeless plain”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈtun.dra/, [ˈt̪un̪d̪r̺ä]
• Hyphenation: tùn‧dra

Noun

tundra f ‎(plural tundre)

1. tundra

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Latvian

Noun

tundra f (4th declension)

1. tundra

Declension

Declension of tundra (4th declension)

	singular (vienskaitlis)	plural (daudzskaitlis)
nominative (nominatīvs)	tundra	tundras
accusative (akuzatīvs)	tundru	tundras
genitive (ģenitīvs)	tundras	tundru
dative (datīvs)	tundrai	tundrām
instrumental (instrumentālis)	tundru	tundrām
locative (lokatīvs)	tundrā	tundrās
vocative (vokatīvs)	tundra	tundras

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Polish

Wikipedia ^pl

Pronunciation

• Audio

  (file)

Noun

tundra f

1. tundra

Declension

declension of tundra

	singular	plural
nominative	tundra	tundry
genitive	tundry	tundr
dative	tundrze	tundrom
accusative	tundrę	tundry
instrumental	tundrą	tundrami
locative	tundrze	tundrach
vocative	tundro	tundry

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Portuguese

Etymology

Borrowing from French toundra, from Russian ту́ндра ‎(túndra).

Pronunciation

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈtũ.dɾɐ/
• Hyphenation: tun‧dra

Noun

tundra f (plural tundras)

1. (geography) tundra (flat, treeless region around the Arctic)

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Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

From Russian ту́ндра ‎(túndra).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tûːndra/
• Hyphenation: tun‧dra

Noun

tȗndra f ‎(Cyrillic spelling ту̑ндра)

1. tundra

Declension

Declension of tundra

	singular	plural
nominative	tȗndra	tundre
genitive	tundre	tȗndrā/tȗndrī
dative	tundri	tundrama
accusative	tundru	tundre
vocative	tundro	tundre
locative	tundri	tundrama
instrumental	tundrom	tundrama

References

• “tundra” in Hrvatski jezični portal

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Spanish

Wikipedia ^es

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: tun‧dra

Noun

tundra f ‎(plural tundras)

1. tundra

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Swedish

Noun

tundra c

1. a tundra

Declension

Inflection of tundra
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	tundra	tundran	tundror	tundrorna
Genitive	tundras	tundrans	tundrors	tundrornas

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Turkish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tundɾa/

Noun

tundra ‎(definite accusative tundrayı, plural tundralar)

1. tundra

Declension

declension of tundra

	singular (tekil)	plural (çoğul)
nominative (yalın)	tundra	tundralar
definite accusative (belirtme)	tundrayı	tundraları
dative (yönelme)	tundraya	tundralara
locative (bulunma)	tundrada	tundralarda
ablative (çıkma)	tundradan	tundralardan
genitive (tamlayan)	tundranın	tundraların

possessive forms of tundra

benim (my)	singular (tekil)	plural (çoğul)
nominative (yalın)	tundram	tundralarım
definite accusative (belirtme)	tundramı	tundralarımı
dative (yönelme)	tundrama	tundralarıma
locative (bulunma)	tundramda	tundralarımda
ablative (çıkma)	tundramdan	tundralarımdan
genitive (tamlayan)	tundramın	tundralarımın
senin (your)	singular (tekil)	plural (çoğul)
nominative (yalın)	tundran	tundraların
definite accusative (belirtme)	tundranı	tundralarını
dative (yönelme)	tundrana	tundralarına
locative (bulunma)	tundranda	tundralarında
ablative (çıkma)	tundrandan	tundralarından
genitive (tamlayan)	tundranın	tundralarının
onun (her/his/its)	singular (tekil)	plural (çoğul)
nominative (yalın)	tundrası	tundraları
definite accusative (belirtme)	tundrasını	tundralarını
dative (yönelme)	tundrasına	tundralarına
locative (bulunma)	tundrasında	tundralarında
ablative (çıkma)	tundrasından	tundralarından
genitive (tamlayan)	tundrasının	tundralarının
bizim (our)	singular (tekil)	plural (çoğul)
nominative (yalın)	tundramız	tundralarımız
definite accusative (belirtme)	tundramızı	tundralarımızı
dative (yönelme)	tundramıza	tundralarımıza
locative (bulunma)	tundramızda	tundralarımızda
ablative (çıkma)	tundramızdan	tundralarımızdan
genitive (tamlayan)	tundramızın	tundralarımızın
sizin (your)	singular (tekil)	plural (çoğul)
nominative (yalın)	tundranız	tundralarınız
definite accusative (belirtme)	tundranızı	tundralarınızı
dative (yönelme)	tundranıza	tundralarınıza
locative (bulunma)	tundranızda	tundralarınızda
ablative (çıkma)	tundranızdan	tundralarınızdan
genitive (tamlayan)	tundranızın	tundralarınızın
onların (their)	singular (tekil)	plural (çoğul)
nominative (yalın)	tundraları	tundraları
definite accusative (belirtme)	tundralarını	tundralarını
dative (yönelme)	tundralarına	tundralarına
locative (bulunma)	tundralarında	tundralarında
ablative (çıkma)	tundralarından	tundralarından
genitive (tamlayan)	tundralarının	tundralarının

predicative forms of tundra

simple present	singular	plural
ben (I am)	tundrayım	tundralarım*
sen (you are)	tundrasın	tundralarsın*
o (he/she/it is)	tundra / tundradır	tundralar* / tundralardır*
biz (we are)	tundrayız	tundralarız
siz (you are)	tundrasınız	tundralarsınız
onlar (they are)	tundralar	tundralardır
simple past	singular	plural
ben (I was)	tundraydım	tundralardım*
sen (you were)	tundraydın	tundralardın*
o (he/she/it was)	tundraydı	tundralardı*
biz (we were)	tundraydık	tundralardık
siz (you were)	tundraydınız	tundralardınız
onlar (they were)	tundraydılar	tundralardı
indirect / unwitnessed past	singular	plural
ben (I was)	tundraymışım	tundralarmışım*
sen (you were)	tundraymışsın	tundralarmışsın*
o (he/she/it was)	tundraymış	tundralarmış*
biz (we were)	tundraymışız	tundralarmışız
siz (you were)	tundraymışsınız	tundralarmışsınız
onlar (they were)	tundraymışlar	tundralarmış
*Not used, but perhaps rarely - chiefly grammatical formations. Note: Plural forms are not used with adjectives.