utu

See also: Appendix:Variations of "utu"

English

Etymology

Borrowed from Maori utu.

Noun

utu (uncountable)

1. (New Zealand) Compensation for a wrong suffered; reciprocal exchange or payment; (loosely), payback, revenge. [from 19th c.]
   • 2003, Michael King, The Penguin History of Aotearoa New Zealand, Penguin, published 2023, page 68:

     Utu determined that relations among individuals, and between families, communities and tribes, were governed by mutual obligation and an implicit keeping of social accounts […] .

   • 2008, Christina Thompson, Come on Shore and We Will Kill and Eat You All, Bloomsbury, published 2009, page 129:

     Utu demanded that both favors and grievances be repaid in kind, but it was the grievances, naturally, that caused the most trouble.

   • 2011 September 19, Andrew Alderson, New Zealand Herald:

     The match had been touted as a chance for utu after the 1999 and 2007 All Blacks World Cup defeats.

Buginese

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kutu, from Proto-Austronesian *kuCu.

Noun

utu

1. louse (insect)

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *utu, probably borrowed from Proto-Germanic [Term?] (compare Icelandic úði (“drizzle”)).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈutu/, [ˈut̪u]
• Rhymes: -utu
• Syllabification^(key): u‧tu
• Hyphenation^(key): utu

Noun

utu

1. haze, mist (of water vapor)

Usage notes

• The words sumu, usva and utu all describe "water vapor lightly suspended near the ground", but – strictly speaking – at different degrees. However, they may often be used synonymously with no discretion.
  • Utu describes very light vapor near the ground, especially that occurring in the morning and therefore it is translated usually as "mist" or "haze".
  • Usva describes a bit thicker vapor than utu near the ground, especially when considering the water travelling conditions. Therefore, it is translated usually as "mist", "haze" or "fog".
  • Sumu describes very thick vapor obscuring the visibility near the ground and thus, it is translated usually as "mist" or "fog".
• utu is used for haze caused by water vapor - if the haze is caused by something else, it is called auer.

Declension

Inflection of utu (Kotus type 1*F/valo, t-d gradation)
nominative		utu	udut
genitive		udun	utujen
partitive		utua	utuja
illative		utuun	utuihin
		singular	plural
nominative		utu	udut
accusative	nom.	utu	udut
	gen.	udun
genitive		udun	utujen
partitive		utua	utuja
inessive		udussa	uduissa
elative		udusta	uduista
illative		utuun	utuihin
adessive		udulla	uduilla
ablative		udulta	uduilta
allative		udulle	uduille
essive		utuna	utuina
translative		uduksi	uduiksi
abessive		udutta	uduitta
instructive		—	uduin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of utu (Kotus type 1*F/valo, t-d gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative utuni utuni accusative nom. utuni utuni gen. utuni genitive utuni utujeni partitive utuani utujani inessive udussani uduissani elative udustani uduistani illative utuuni utuihini adessive udullani uduillani ablative udultani uduiltani allative udulleni uduilleni essive utunani utuinani translative udukseni uduikseni abessive uduttani uduittani instructive — — comitative — utuineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative utusi utusi accusative nom. utusi utusi gen. utusi genitive utusi utujesi partitive utuasi utujasi inessive udussasi uduissasi elative udustasi uduistasi illative utuusi utuihisi adessive udullasi uduillasi ablative udultasi uduiltasi allative udullesi uduillesi essive utunasi utuinasi translative uduksesi uduiksesi abessive uduttasi uduittasi instructive — — comitative — utuinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative utumme utumme accusative nom. utumme utumme gen. utumme genitive utumme utujemme partitive utuamme utujamme inessive udussamme uduissamme elative udustamme uduistamme illative utuumme utuihimme adessive udullamme uduillamme ablative udultamme uduiltamme allative udullemme uduillemme essive utunamme utuinamme translative uduksemme uduiksemme abessive uduttamme uduittamme instructive — — comitative — utuinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative utunne utunne accusative nom. utunne utunne gen. utunne genitive utunne utujenne partitive utuanne utujanne inessive udussanne uduissanne elative udustanne uduistanne illative utuunne utuihinne adessive udullanne uduillanne ablative udultanne uduiltanne allative udullenne uduillenne essive utunanne utuinanne translative uduksenne uduiksenne abessive uduttanne uduittanne instructive — — comitative — utuinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative utunsa utunsa accusative nom. utunsa utunsa gen. utunsa genitive utunsa utujensa partitive utuaan utuansa utujaan utujansa inessive udussaan udussansa uduissaan uduissansa elative udustaan udustansa uduistaan uduistansa illative utuunsa utuihinsa adessive udullaan udullansa uduillaan uduillansa ablative udultaan udultansa uduiltaan uduiltansa allative udulleen udullensa uduilleen uduillensa essive utunaan utunansa utuinaan utuinansa translative udukseen uduksensa uduikseen uduiksensa abessive uduttaan uduttansa uduittaan uduittansa instructive — — comitative — utuineen utuinensa

Derived terms

• utuinen

compounds

• utupilvi

See also

• auer, auder

Further reading

• “utu”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-04

Anagrams

• tuu

Galoli

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kutu.

Noun

utu

1. louse

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *utu. Cognates include Finnish utu and Estonian udu.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈutu/, [ˈutu]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈutu/, [ˈud̥u]
• Rhymes: -utu
• Hyphenation: u‧tu

Noun

utu

1. Synonym of tomakka

Declension

Declension of utu (type 4/koivu, t- gradation, gemination)
	singular	plural
nominative	utu	uut
genitive	uun	uttuin, utuloin
partitive	uttua	utuja, utuloja
illative	uttuu	uttui, utuloihe
inessive	uus	uuis, utulois
elative	uust	uuist, utuloist
allative	uulle	uuille, utuloille
adessive	uul	uuil, utuloil
ablative	uult	uuilt, utuloilt
translative	uuks	uuiks, utuloiks
essive	utunna, uttuun	utuinna, utuloinna, uttuin, utuloin
exessive1)	utunt	utuint, utuloint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

References

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 620

Maori

Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian, from Proto-Oceanic, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *utuŋ (compare Hawaiian uku, Malay untung).

Noun

utu

1. pay; payment; salary
2. revenge; payback

Verb

utu (passive utua or utungia)

1. to pay
2. to reply; to answer

Usage notes

• Describes reciprocal obligations.

Descendants

• → English: utu, hoot

References

• “utu” in John C. Moorfield, Te Aka: Maori–English, English–Maori Dictionary and Index, 3rd edition, Longman/Pearson Education New Zealand, 2011, →ISBN.

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• 𑀉𑀢𑀼 (Brahmi script)
• उतु (Devanagari script)
• উতু (Bengali script)
• උතු (Sinhalese script)
• ဥတု or ဢုတု (Burmese script)
• อุตุ (Thai script)
• ᩏᨲᩩ (Tai Tham script)
• ອຸຕຸ (Lao script)
• ឧតុ (Khmer script)
• 𑄃𑄪𑄖𑄪 (Chakma script)

Etymology

From Sanskrit ऋतु (ṛtu, “appointed time”).

Noun

utu m or n

1. season, time
2. season (one of the three seasons of the year)

Declension

Declension table of "utu" (masculine)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	utu	utavo or utū
Accusative (second)	utuṃ	utavo or utū
Instrumental (third)	utunā	utūhi or utūbhi
Dative (fourth)	utussa or utuno	utūnaṃ
Ablative (fifth)	utusmā or utumhā	utūhi or utūbhi
Genitive (sixth)	utussa or utuno	utūnaṃ
Locative (seventh)	utusmiṃ or utumhi	utūsu
Vocative (calling)	utu	utave or utavo

Declension table of "utu" (neuter)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	utu	utūni or utū
Accusative (second)	utuṃ	utūni or utū
Instrumental (third)	utunā	utūhi or utūbhi
Dative (fourth)	utussa or utuno	utūnaṃ
Ablative (fifth)	utusmā or utumhā	utūhi or utūbhi
Genitive (sixth)	utussa or utuno	utūnaṃ
Locative (seventh)	utusmiṃ or utumhi	utūsu
Vocative (calling)	utu	utūni or utū

Noun

utu m

1. menses

Declension

Declension table of "utu" (masculine)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	utu	utavo or utū
Accusative (second)	utuṃ	utavo or utū
Instrumental (third)	utunā	utūhi or utūbhi
Dative (fourth)	utussa or utuno	utūnaṃ
Ablative (fifth)	utusmā or utumhā	utūhi or utūbhi
Genitive (sixth)	utussa or utuno	utūnaṃ
Locative (seventh)	utusmiṃ or utumhi	utūsu
Vocative (calling)	utu	utave or utavo

References

• Pali Text Society (1921–1925) “utu”, in Pali-English Dictionary‎, London: Chipstead

Sumerian

Romanization

utu

1. Romanization of 𒌓 (utu)

Swahili

Etymology

From u- (“-ness”) +‎ -tu (“person”).

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

Noun

utu class XI (no plural)

1. humanity, human nature, ubuntu

Ternate

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈu.tu]

Verb

utu

1. (transitive) to harvest

Conjugation

Conjugation of utu

		singular	plural
			inclusive	exclusive
1st person		toutu	foutu	miutu
2nd person		noutu	niutu
3rd person	masculine	outu	iutu youtu (archaic)
	feminine	moutu
	neuter	iutu

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈu.tu]

Noun

utu

1. a kind of small squid

References

• Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Tetum

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kutu, compare Indonesian kutu.

Noun

utu

1. louse

Votic

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *utu.

Pronunciation

• (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA^(key): /ˈutu/, [ˈutu]
• Rhymes: -utu
• Hyphenation: u‧tu

Noun

utu

1. fog

Inflection

Declension of utu (type II/võrkko, t-d gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	utu	udud
genitive	udu	utujõ, utui
partitive	uttua	utuitõ, utui
illative	uttusõ, uttu	utuisõ
inessive	uduz	utuiz
elative	udussõ	utuissõ
allative	udulõ	utuilõ
adessive	udullõ	utuillõ
ablative	udultõ	utuiltõ
translative	udussi	utuissi
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive.

References

• Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) “utu”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn

West Makian

Etymology 1

Possibly compare Ternate wito, Sahu itomo.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈu.t̪u/

Verb

utu

1. (transitive) to push

Conjugation

Conjugation of utu (action verb)

		singular	plural
			inclusive	exclusive
1st person		toutu	moutu	autu
2nd person		noutu	foutu
3rd person	inanimate	iutu	doutu
	animate
imperative		nuutu, utu	fuutu, utu

Etymology 2

Cognate with Ternate utu (“root”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈu.t̪u/

Noun

utu

1. root (of a tree), vein

References

• Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎^[3], Pacific linguistics

Ye'kwana

Etymology

From Proto-Cariban *utu (“to give, to put”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [utu]

Verb

utu

1. (transitive) to give

References

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “utu”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[4], Lyon
• Hall, Katherine Lee (1988) The morphosyntax of discourse in De'kwana Carib, volumes I and II, Saint Louis, Missouri: PhD Thesis, Washington University, pages 219, 315, 400: “utu:du 'to give' […] -utu- 'give' […] utu:du - to give”
• Hall, Katherine (2007) “utūdu”, in Mary Ritchie Key & Bernard Comrie, editors, The Intercontinental Dictionary Series‎^[5], Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, published 2021

Zazaki

Noun

utu m

1. iron (device for pressing clothes)