враг

Bulgarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [vrak]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ak

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vȏrgъ (with mobile accentuation), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *wargás.

Noun

враг • (vrag) m

1. enemy, foe, fiend, nemesis

   Synonyms: неприя́тел (neprijátel), не́дник (nédnik)

2. opponent, adversary, antagonist

   Synonym: проти́вник (protívnik)

Declension

Declension of враг

	singular	plural
indefinite	враг vrag	врагове́, врази́1 vragové, vrazí1
definite (subject form)	врагъ́т vragǎ́t	врагове́те, врази́те1 vragovéte, vrazíte1
definite (object form)	врага́ vragá
vocative form	вра́же vráže	врагове́, врази́1 vragové, vrazí1

¹Poetic.

Derived terms

verbs

• (causative) вра́жа (vráža)
• (factitive) врагу́вам (vragúvam)

 

nouns

• вра́жла f (vrážla)
• вра́жльо m (vrážljo)
• (abstract) вражда́ (vraždá)
• сувра́жник (suvrážnik, “adversary”) (obsolete)

 

adjectives

• вра́гов (vrágov)
• вра́жески (vrážeski)
• вра́жи (vráži)
• врагови́т (vragovít)

 

adverbs

• до́врага (dóvraga)
• за́врага (závraga)
• на́врага (návraga)
• по́врага (póvraga)

 

References

• “враг¹”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
• “враг”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
• Nayden Gerov (1895) “врагъ”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ. [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language]‎^[1] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 152
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “враг¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 178
• “врагъ”, in Старобългарски речник [Old Bulgarian Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), https://histdict.uni-sofia.bg, 2011—2024

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vòrgъ or *vьragъ (with fixed accentuation).

Noun

враг • (vrag) m

1. (dialectal) dale, gorge with steep slopes

   Synonym: (colloquial) дере (dere)

2. (figurative, dialectal) large wound

Declension

Declension of враг

	singular	plural
indefinite	враг vrag	вра́гове vrágove
definite (subject form)	вра́гът vrágǎt	вра́говете vrágovete
definite (object form)	вра́га vrága
count form	—	вра́га vrága

Derived terms

• овра́г (ovrág, “ravine”)

Derived terms

• вра́гула (vrágula, “grave, mound”) (dialectal)
• враж (vraž, “sharp, pointy, grave”) (dialectal)

Related terms

• въ́ргам (vǎ́rgam, “to throw”) (possibly)
• вра́га (vrága, “wound, edema”) (possibly)
• врах (vrah, “heap, pile”) (dialectal)

References

• “враг²”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
• Nayden Gerov (1895) “врагъ”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ. [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language]‎^[2] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 152
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “враг²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 179

Macedonian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vorgъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *wargás.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [vrak]

Noun

враг • (vrag) m (plural врагови)

1. devil
2. enemy, foe
3. (figuratively) devil (a cunning, witty man)

Declension

Declension of враг

	singular	plural
indefinite	враг	врагови
definite unspecified	врагот	враговите
definite proximal	врагов	враговиве
definite distal	врагон	враговине
vocative	врагу	врагови
count form	—	врага

Synonyms

• ѓавол (ǵavol)
• непријател (neprijatel)

Russian

Alternative forms

• врагъ (vrag) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

Etymology

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic врагъ (vragŭ), from Proto-Slavic *vorgъ. Compare the inherited doublet во́рог (vórog, “enemy, foe”) (poetic).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [vrak]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

враг • (vrag) m anim (genitive врага́, nominative plural враги́, genitive plural враго́в, relational adjective вра́жий)

1. enemy, foe

   Synonyms: проти́вник (protívnik), неприя́тель (neprijátelʹ), не́друг (nédrug); (dated, poetic) во́рог (vórog)

   Antonym: друг (drug)

   враг народа ― vrag naroda ― Enemy of the People

Declension

Declension of враг (anim masc-form velar-stem accent-b) 

	singular	plural
nominative	вра́г vrág	враги́ vragí
genitive	врага́ vragá	враго́в vragóv
dative	врагу́ vragú	врага́м vragám
accusative	врага́ vragá	враго́в vragóv
instrumental	враго́м vragóm	врага́ми vragámi
prepositional	враге́ vragé	врага́х vragáx

Synonyms

• противник (protivnik)

Related terms

• вражде́бный (vraždébnyj)
• вра́жеский (vrážeskij)
• вражда́ (vraždá)
• враждова́ть (vraždovátʹ)

References

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “враг”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vorgъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *wargás.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʋrâːɡ/

Noun

вра̑г m (Latin spelling vrȃg)

1. devil
2. (intensifier) hell

   Koji se vrag upravo dogodio?

   What the hell just happened?

   Nemoj ga smetati. Ljut je kao vrag.

   Don't bother him. He is angry as hell.

Declension

Declension of враг

	singular	plural
nominative	вра̑г	вра̏гови / вра̑зи
genitive	врага	врагова / враза
dative	врагу	враговима / вразима
accusative	врага	врагове / вразе
vocative	вра̑же	врагови / врази
locative	врагу	враговима / вразима
instrumental	врагом	враговима / вразима

Further reading

• “враг” in Hrvatski jezični portal

Ukrainian

Alternative forms

• ура́г (uráh) (rare)

Etymology

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic врагъ (vragŭ), from Proto-Slavic *vorgъ. Compare the inherited doublet во́рог (vóroh, “enemy, foe”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [wraɦ]

Noun

враг • (vrah) m pers (genitive врага́, nominative plural враги́, genitive plural врагі́в, relational adjective вра́жий) (chiefly archaic)

1. (poetic) enemy, foe
2. devil

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:чорт

Declension

Declension of враг (pers velar masc-form accent-b)

	singular	plural
nominative	враг vrah	враги́ vrahý
genitive	врага́ vrahá	врагі́в vrahív
dative	враго́ві, врагу́ vrahóvi, vrahú	врага́м vrahám
accusative	врага́ vrahá	врагі́в vrahív
instrumental	враго́м vrahóm	врага́ми vrahámy
locative	враго́ві, врагу́ vrahóvi, vrahú	врага́х vraháx
vocative	вра́же vráže	враги́ vrahý

Further reading

• Hrinchenko, Borys, editor (1907–1909), “враг”, in Словарь украинского языка [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Russian), Kyiv: Kievskaya starina
• Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “враг”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
• Shyrokov, V. A., editor (2010–2023), “враг”, in Словник української мови: у 20 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 20 vols] (in Ukrainian), volumes 1–14 (а – префере́нція), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka; Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund, →ISBN
• “враг”, in Kyiv Dictionary (in English)