חמס
Hebrew
[edit]Root |
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ח־מ־ס (kh-m-s) |
Etymology
[edit]Cognate with Aramaic [script needed] (ḥ-m-s, “criminality, violence”), Akkadian [script needed] (ḫummusu, “to oppress”), [script needed] (ḫamsu, “maltreated”), [script needed] (ḫimsātu, “wrongful possessions”), and Arabic [script needed] (ḫamisa, “to be(come) hard, firm, strict, severe, afflictive”).[1]
Semantically similar yet unrelated to Biblical Hebrew חמץ (“to oppress, to be ruthless”), Akkadian [script needed] (ḫamāṣu, “to tear off, to strip, to flay; to plunder, to ransack”), Classical Syriac [script needed] (ḥammeṣ, “to shame”), Sabaean [script needed] (ḫmṣ, “to deface (an inscription)”), and Ge'ez [script needed] (ʕammaḍa, “to do wrong, do violence, injure, harm”).[1]
Unlikely related to Arabic حَمَاس (ḥamās, “zeal”), as Akkadian cognates suggest Proto-Semitic initial *ḫ-, whence Hebrew ḫ- > ḥ- and Arabic ḫ-,[2][3] not ḥ-.
Verb
[edit]חָמַס • (khamás) (pa'al construction)
Conjugation
[edit]non-finite forms |
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
finite forms | singular | plural | |||
m. | f. | m. | f. | ||
past | first | חָמַסְתִּי | חָמַסְנוּ | ||
second | חָמַסְתָּ | חָמַסְתְּ | חֲמַסְתֶּם1 | חֲמַסְתֶּן1 | |
third | חָמַס | חָמְסָה | חָמְסוּ | ||
present | חוֹמֵס | חוֹמֶסֶת | חוֹמְסִים | חוֹמְסוֹת | |
future | first | אחמוס / אֶחֱמֹס | נחמוס / נַחֲמֹס | ||
second | תחמוס / תַּחֲמֹס | תַּחַמְסִי | תַּחַמְסוּ | תחמוסנה / תַּחֲמֹסְנָה2 | |
third | יחמוס / יַחֲמֹס | תחמוס / תַּחֲמֹס | יַחַמְסוּ | תחמוסנה / תַּחֲמֹסְנָה2 | |
imperative | חמוס / חֲמֹס | חִמְסִי | חִמְסוּ | חמוסנה / חֲמֹסְנָה2 | |
notes |
|
or
non-finite forms |
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
finite forms | singular | plural | |||
m. | f. | m. | f. | ||
past | first | חָמַסְתִּי | חָמַסְנוּ | ||
second | חָמַסְתָּ | חָמַסְתְּ | חֲמַסְתֶּם1 | חֲמַסְתֶּן1 | |
third | חָמַס | חָמְסָה | חָמְסוּ | ||
present | חוֹמֵס | חוֹמֶסֶת | חוֹמְסִים | חוֹמְסוֹת | |
future | first | אחמוס / אֶחְמֹס | נחמוס / נַחְמֹס | ||
second | תחמוס / תַּחְמֹס | תַּחְמְסִי | תַּחְמְסוּ | תחמוסנה / תַּחְמֹסְנָה2 | |
third | יחמוס / יַחְמֹס | תחמוס / תַּחְמֹס | יַחְמְסוּ | תחמוסנה / תַּחְמֹסְנָה2 | |
imperative | חמוס / חֲמֹס | חִמְסִי | חִמְסוּ | חמוסנה / חֲמֹסְנָה2 | |
notes |
|
Noun
[edit]חָמָס • (khamás) m (plural indefinite חֲמָסִים, singular construct חֲמַס־, plural construct חִמְסֵי־)
References
[edit]- H2554 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- H2555 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Huehnergard, John, quoted in Mair, Victor (2023 January 14) “Sanskrit hiṃsā // Hebrew khamás // Arabic ḥamās”, in Language Log[1]
- ^ Kogan, Leonid (2011) “Proto-Semitic Phonetics and Phonology”, in Weninger, Stefan, editor, The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft – Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science; 36), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 55
- ^ Lipinśki, Edward (1997) Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar. Leuven: Peeters, p. 150