خ م ر

See also: خمر, حمر, جمر, ح م ر, and ج م ر

Arabic

Etymology

Note that the meanings related to fermentation have been deemed to descend from Aramaic derivations of the root ח־מ־ר / ܚ-ܡ-ܪ (ḥ-m-r). Compare also ح م ض (ḥ-m-ḍ) “sour”, cognate to Hebrew ח־מ־ץ (ḥ-m-ṣ, “sour”) and to Aramaic ח־מ־ע / ܚ-ܡ-ܥ (ḥ-m-ʿ) which is also used for fermentation.

Root

خ م ر • (ḵ-m-r)

1. Related to covering
2. Related to rising (of dough) or fermentation

Derived terms

• Form I: خَمَرَ (ḵamara)
  • Active participle: خَامِر (ḵāmir)
  • Passive participle: مَخْمُور (maḵmūr)
• Form II: خَمَّرَ (ḵammara)
  • Verbal noun: تَخْمِير (taḵmīr)
  • Active participle: مُخَمِّر (muḵammir)
  • Passive participle: مُخَمَّر (muḵammar)
• Form III: خَامَرَ (ḵāmara)
  • Verbal noun: مُخَامَرَة (muḵāmara), خِمَار (ḵimār)
  • Active participle: مُخَامِر (muḵāmir)
  • Passive participle: مُخَامَر (muḵāmar)
• Form IV: أَخْمَرَ (ʔaḵmara)
  • Verbal noun: إِخْمَار (ʔiḵmār)
  • Active participle: مُخْمِر (muḵmir)
  • Passive participle: مُخْمَر (muḵmar)
• Form V: تَخَمَّرَ (taḵammara)
  • Verbal noun: تَخَمُّر (taḵammur)
  • Active participle: مُتَخَمِّر (mutaḵammir)
  • Passive participle: مُتَخَمَّر (mutaḵammar)
• Form VI: تَخَامَرَ (taḵāmara)
  • Verbal noun: تَخَامُر (taḵāmur)
  • Active participle: مُتَخَامِر (mutaḵāmir)
  • Passive participle: مُتَخَامَر (mutaḵāmar)
• Form VIII: اِخْتَمَرَ (iḵtamara)
  • Verbal noun: اِخْتِمَار (iḵtimār)
  • Active participle: مُخْتَمِر (muḵtamir)
  • Passive participle: مُخْتَمَر (muḵtamar)
• Form X: اِسْتَخْمَرَ (istaḵmara)
  • Verbal noun: اِسْتِخْمَار (istiḵmār)
  • Active participle: مُسْتَخْمِر (mustaḵmir)
  • Passive participle: مُسْتَخْمَر (mustaḵmar)

• خَمْر (ḵamr)
• خَمْرَة (ḵamra)
• خَمَر (ḵamar)
• خَمِر (ḵamir)
• خِمْر (ḵimr)
• خِمِّير (ḵimmīr)
• خَمِير (ḵamīr)
• خَمِيرَة (ḵamīra)
• خِمَار (ḵimār)
• خِمْرَة (ḵimra)
• خُمَار (ḵumār)
• خُمْرَة (ḵumra)
• خَمّار (ḵammār)
• خَمَّارَة (ḵammāra)

Further reading

• “ḥmr”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
• “ḥmr”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
• Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1881) “خ م ر”, in Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes‎^[1] (in French), volume 2, Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 403–404
• Guidi, Ignazio (1879) Della sede primitiva dei popoli semitici (in Italian), Rome: Tipi del Salviucci, page 43
• Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 158 seqq.
• Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 160–161
• Freytag, Georg (1830) “خ م ر”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎^[2] (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, pages 523–525
• Jacob, Georg (1897) Altarabisches Beduinenleben nach den Quellen geschildert‎^[3] (in German), 2nd edition, Berlin: Mayer & Müller, page 99
• Jeffery, Arthur (1938) The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān (Gaekwad’s Oriental Series; 79), Baroda: Oriental Institute, pages 125–126
• Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “خ م ر”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎^[4] (in French), volume 1, Paris: Maisonneuve et C^ie, pages 630–632
• Kogan, Leonid (2015) Genealogical Classification of Semitic. The Lexical Isoglosses, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 418
• Lagarde, Paul de (1889) Übersicht über die im Aramäischen, Arabischen und Hebräischen übliche Bildung der Nomina (Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen; 35)‎^[5] (in German), Göttingen: Dieterichsche Verlags-Buchhandlung, page 207
• Lane, Edward William (1863) “خ م ر”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎^[6], London: Williams & Norgate, pages 807–810
• Richter, Paul, Arzt für Hautkrankheiten in Berlin (1913) “Beiträge zur Geschichte der alkoholhaltigen Getränke bei den orientalischen Völkern und des Alkohols”, in Archiv für die Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Technik‎^[7] (in German), volume 4, Leipzig: F. C. W. Vogel, page 440
• Wehr, Hans (1979) “خ م ر”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, pages 302–303