恐

恐 U+6050, 恐 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6050 ← 恏 [U+604F] CJK Unified Ideographs 恑 → [U+6051]

Translingual

Han character

恐 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一弓心 (MNP) or 難一弓心 (XMNP), four-corner 1733₁, composition ⿱⿰工凡心(GJKV) or ⿱⿰工⿹⺄㐅心(HT))

Derived characters

• 𠺱, 𢟈, 𦃵, 𫻐, 𦶐, 𮅱

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 384, character 8
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10552
• Dae Jaweon: page 714, character 25
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2289, character 8
• Unihan data for U+6050

Chinese

trad.		恐
simp. #		恐
alternative forms		𢖶 ancient 𢙷 𢝭 𢟃 鞏／巩 𢖶 ancient 𢙷 𢝭 𢟃 鞏／巩 ⿱⿰工几心

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (工) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
缸	*kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ
篢	*kluːmʔ, *koːŋ
贑	*kluːmʔ
涳	*ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
江	*kroːŋ
肛	*kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ
扛	*kroːŋ
杠	*kroːŋ
豇	*kroːŋ
茳	*kroːŋ
釭	*kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
矼	*kroːŋ
玒	*kroːŋ, *koːŋ
虹	*kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ
腔	*kʰroːŋ
崆	*kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
羫	*kʰroːŋ
控	*kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
椌	*kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
悾	*kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
跫	*kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ
啌	*qʰroːŋ
谾	*qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ
舡	*qʰroːŋ
缻	*ɡroːŋ
項	*ɡroːŋʔ
屸	*ɡ·roːŋ
功	*koːŋ
工	*koːŋ
疘	*koːŋ
魟	*koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ
攻	*koːŋ, *kuːŋ
愩	*koːŋ
碽	*koːŋ
貢	*koːŋs
羾	*koːŋs
空	*kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
箜	*kʰoːŋ
硿	*kʰoːŋ
埪	*kʰoːŋ
鵼	*kʰoːŋ
倥	*kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs
鞚	*kʰoːŋs
叿	*qʰoːŋ
嗊	*qʰoːŋʔ
訌	*ɡoːŋ
紅	*ɡoːŋ
仜	*ɡoːŋ
葒	*ɡoːŋ
渱	*ɡoːŋ
鴻	*ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ
汞	*ɡoːŋʔ
澒	*ɡoːŋʔ
鞏	*koŋʔ
巩	*koŋʔ
銎	*kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ
恐	*kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs
蛩	*ɡoŋ
筇	*ɡoŋ
桏	*ɡoŋ
邛	*ɡoŋ

In the Shuowen Jiezi appears as phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs) : phonetic 𢀜 () + semantic 心 (“heart”). The modern form can be interpreted as phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs) : phonetic 巩 (OC *koŋʔ) + semantic 心 (“heart”)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kǒng (kong³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄥˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hung²
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khiúng
• Northern Min (KCR): kě̤ng
• Eastern Min (BUC): kṳ̄ng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): khióng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kiong²

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁵khon

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kǒng
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄥˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kǒng
    • Wade–Giles: kʻung³
    • Yale: kǔng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: koong
    • Palladius: кун (kun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰʊŋ²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: hung²
    • Yale: húng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hung²
    • Guangdong Romanization: hung²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hʊŋ³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiúng
    • Hakka Romanization System: kiung`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kiung³
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯uŋ³¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kě̤ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰœyŋ²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kṳ̄ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰyŋ³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khióng
    • Tâi-lô: khióng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qiorng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiɔŋ⁴¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: kiong²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khióng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰioŋ⁵²/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁵khon
    • MiniDict: khon^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²khon
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰoŋ³⁴/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 恐
Mandarin	Beijing	/kʰuŋ²¹⁴/
	Harbin	/kʰuŋ²¹³/
	Tianjin	/kʰuŋ¹³/
	Jinan	/kʰuŋ⁵⁵/
	Qingdao	/kʰəŋ⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/kʰuŋ⁵³/
	Xi'an	/kʰuŋ⁵³/
	Xining	/kʰuə̃⁵³/
	Yinchuan	/kʰuŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/kʰũn⁴⁴²/
	Ürümqi	/kʰuŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/kʰoŋ⁴²/
	Chengdu	/kʰoŋ⁵³/
	Guiyang	/kʰoŋ⁴²/
	Kunming	/kʰoŋ⁵³/
	Nanjing	/kʰoŋ²¹²/
	Hefei	/kʰəŋ²⁴/
Jin	Taiyuan	/kʰuəŋ⁵³/
	Pingyao	/kʰuŋ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/kʰũŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/kʰoŋ³⁵/
	Suzhou	/kʰoŋ⁵¹/
	Hangzhou	/kʰoŋ⁵³/
	Wenzhou	/t͡ɕʰyɔ³⁵/ /kʰoŋ³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/kʰuʌ̃³⁵/
	Tunxi	/kʰan³¹/ ～怖 /t͡ɕʰin³¹/ ～怕
Xiang	Changsha	/kʰoŋ⁴¹/
	Xiangtan	/kʰən⁴²/
Gan	Nanchang	/kʰuŋ²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰiuŋ³¹/
	Taoyuan	/kʰioŋ³¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hoŋ³⁵/
	Nanning	/kʰuŋ³⁵/
	Hong Kong	/huŋ³⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kʰiɔŋ⁵³/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kʰyŋ³²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kʰɔŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kʰioŋ⁵³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/xɔŋ³¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: khjowngX, khjowngH

Rime
Character	恐	恐
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	丘隴切	區用切
Baxter	khjowngX	khjowngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɨoŋX/	/kʰɨoŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰioŋX/	/kʰioŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰioŋX/	/kʰioŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰuawŋX/	/kʰuawŋH/
Li Rong	/kʰioŋX/	/kʰioŋH/
Wang Li	/kʰĭwoŋX/	/kʰĭwoŋH/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰi̯woŋX/	/kʰi̯woŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiǒng	qiòng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hung2	hung3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰ(r)oŋʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰoŋʔ/, /*kʰoŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	恐
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kǒng
Middle Chinese	‹ khjowngX ›
Old Chinese	/*kʰ(r)oŋʔ/
English	fear
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	恐	恐
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	4071	4072
Phonetic component	工	工
Rime group	東	東
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	恐	恐
Old Chinese	/*kʰoŋʔ/	/*kʰoŋs/

Definitions

恐

1. to fear; to be afraid
2. fearful; apprehensive
3. perhaps; may (not)

Compounds

• 唯恐 (wéikǒng)
• 唯恐不及
• 恐嚇／恐吓 (kǒnghè)
• 恐後爭先／恐后争先 (kǒnghòuzhēngxiān)
• 恐怖 (kǒngbù)
• 恐怕 (kǒngpà)
• 恐怖主義／恐怖主义 (kǒngbùzhǔyì)
• 恐怖分子 (kǒngbùfènzǐ)
• 恐怖小說／恐怖小说
• 恐怖片兒／恐怖片儿
• 恐恐然
• 恐惶 (kǒnghuáng)
• 恐惶悚懼／恐惶悚惧 (kǒnghuángsǒngjù)
• 恐慌 (kǒnghuāng)
• 恐慌症 (kǒnghuāngzhèng)
• 恐憂／恐忧 (kǒngyōu)
• 恐慮／恐虑 (kǒnglǜ)
• 恐懼／恐惧 (kǒngjù)
• 恐水病 (kǒngshuǐbìng)
• 恐變症／恐变症
• 恐鳥／恐鸟 (kǒngniǎo)
• 恐龍／恐龙 (kǒnglóng)
• 惟恐 (wéikǒng)
• 惜恐
• 惶恐 (huángkǒng)
• 惴恐
• 惶恐不安 (huángkǒngbù'ān)
• 擔驚受恐／担惊受恐 (dānjīngshòukǒng)
• 有恃無恐／有恃无恐 (yǒushìwúkǒng)
• 深恐
• 爭先恐後／争先恐后 (zhēngxiānkǒnghòu)
• 猶恐／犹恐 (yóukǒng)
• 生恐
• 皇恐灘／皇恐滩 (Huángkǒng Tān)
• 紅色恐怖／红色恐怖 (hóngsè kǒngbù)
• 經濟恐慌／经济恐慌 (jīngjì kǒnghuāng)
• 臨死不恐／临死不恐 (línsǐbùkǒng)
• 臨難不恐／临难不恐 (línnànbùkǒng)
• 誠恐／诚恐 (chéngkǒng)
• 誠恐誠惶／诚恐诚惶 (chéngkǒngchénghuáng)
• 誠惶誠恐／诚惶诚恐 (chénghuángchéngkǒng)
• 震恐 (zhènkǒng)
• 驚恐／惊恐 (jīngkǒng)
• 驚恐萬分／惊恐万分

 

References

• “恐”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

恐

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. fear; be afraid
2. threaten
3. probably

Readings

• Go-on: く (ku)
• Kan-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)^{←きよう (kyou, historical)}
• Kun: おそれる (osoreru, 恐れる, Jōyō); おそろしい (osoroshii, 恐ろしい, Jōyō); おそれ (osore); こわい (kowai, 恐い); おそらく (osoraku, 恐らく) see

Compounds

• 恐(きょう)悦(えつ) (kyōetsu)
• 恐(きょう)喝(かつ) (kyōkatsu)
• 恐々謹言
• 恐(きょう)懼(く) (kyōku)
• 恐(きょう)慌(こう) (kyōkō)
• 恐察
• 恐(きょう)縮(しゅく) (kyōshuku)
• 恐(きょう)怖(ふ) (kyōfu)
• 恐(きょう)竜(りゅう) (kyōryū)

Korean

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ko̞ŋ]
• Phonetic hangul: [공]

Hanja

Wikisource

恐 (eumhun 두려울 공 (duryeoul gong))

1. Hanja form^? of 공 (“fear, be scared, be apprehensive”).

Vietnamese

Han character

恐: Hán Việt readings: khúng, khủng
恐: Nôm readings: khủng, thứ

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.