浪人

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Chinese[edit]

 
wave; breaker; unrestrained
wave; breaker; unrestrained; dissipated
 man; person; people
simp. and trad.
(浪人) 		浪 人

Etymology[edit]

Attested earliest in Qimin Yaoshu (Essential Techniques for the Welfare of the People) [1]:

摘瓜法：在步道上，引手而取；勿聽浪人踏瓜蔓，及翻覆之。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
摘瓜法：在步道上，引手而取；勿听浪人踏瓜蔓，及翻覆之。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
From: 544 CE, Jia Sixie, Qimin Yaoshu
Zhāiguā fǎ: zài bùdào shàng, yǐn shǒu ér qǔ; wù tīng làngrén tà guāmàn, jí fānfù zhī. [Pinyin]
How to pluck melons: on the footpath, reach out one's hands and take them; do not allow drifters to trample the melon-vines and toss and turn them [melons].

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

浪人

  1. hobo; vagabond
  2. ruffian
  3. Japanese ronin
  4. (colloquial) lewd person; lecher

Synonyms[edit]

  • (lecher):
Dialectal synonyms of 色鬼 (“lecher”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 登徒子
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 色鬼, 色狼, 好色之徒
Mandarin Beijing 色迷, 色毛, 色迷鬼兒, 迷瞪鬼兒, 色坯子
Taiwan 色鬼, 色狼
Harbin 羊扒子
Luoyang 色迷
Singapore 色狼
Cantonese Guangzhou 鹹濕佬, 鹹濕鬼, 鹹蟲, 雞蟲, 麻甩佬, 色狼, 生雞
Hong Kong 鹹濕佬, 鹹濕仔, 鹹濕鬼, 狗公, 鹹蟲, 淫蟲, 色狼
Kaiping (Chikan) 鹹濕佬
Dongguan 鹹濕佬, 毛騷佬, 鹹蟲, 生雞精, 麻甩佬
Nanning 鹹濕公, 扒灰佬
Ipoh (Guangfu) 鹹濕鬼
Singapore (Guangfu) 鹹濕佬
Hakka Meixian 沙鬼, 沙骨頭, 色鬼, 鹹濕鬼
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 鹹濕佬, 豺牯, 豺牯佬, 豺鬼, 生雞頭
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 豬哥
Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian) 豬哥
Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian) 豬哥
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 豬哥
Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) 豬哥
Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) 豬哥仔
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 豬哥, 豬哥仙, 痴哥牯, 騷牯
Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping) 豬哥
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 豬哥
Eastern Min Fuzhou 豬哥
Southern Min Xiamen 豬哥, 痴哥, 五枝鬚, 痟狗, 臭臊神, 豬哥神
Quanzhou 豬哥, 五枝鬚, 臭臊神, 豬哥神
Zhangzhou 豬哥, 五枝鬚, 痟狗, 臭臊神, 豬哥神
Kaohsiung 不死鬼, 豬哥, 痴哥
Tainan 豬哥, 痴哥, 痟狗
Singapore (Hokkien) 痴哥伯, 豬哥
Manila (Hokkien) 豬哥
Shantou 痴哥伯, 痴哥鬼
Shantou (Chenghai) 痴哥伯, 痴哥鬼
Nan'ao (Houzhai) 痴哥伯, 痴哥鬼
Nan'ao (Yun'ao) 痴哥伯, 痴哥鬼
Jieyang 痴哥鱉
Haifeng 豬哥, 豬哥伯, 利痴哥
Singapore (Teochew) 痴哥伯
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 鹹濕公, 鹹濕佬
Wu Shanghai 騷卵

Japanese[edit]

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
Kanji in this term
浪 人
ろう
Grade: S 		にん
Grade: 1
on’yomi

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese compound 浪人 (lang nyin, literally “wasteful or reckless person”). Compare modern Mandarin reading làngrén.

Originally referred to someone who had no fixed residence. Used in the context of the Ritsuryō legal system of Nara and Heian period Japan to refer to someone who had intentionally left their registered residence in order to avoid tax liabilities and corvee labor requirements.[1] Later in the Muromachi period, came to refer to samurai who had left or lost their lords. This meaning was extended in more recent times to refer to potentially anyone who was not employed, and then again to refer to high-school graduates who have failed the annual university entrance exams and are studying for the next year's exams.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

浪(ろう)人(にん) • (rōnin) ←らうにん (raunin)?

  1. a masterless samurai
  2. a vagrant, a vagabond, a wanderer
  3. someone in exile
    • 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho, page 541:
      [5]
      Rǒnin. ラゥニン (牢人) 追放された人.
    More specifically spelled 牢人.
  4. a prisoner
    More specifically spelled 牢人.
  5. someone who has been laid off or fired, an unemployed person
    • 1682: 好色一代男 (page 70)[6]
      罷出たるは此あたり八百八祢宜の子共、諸方の浪人友噪ぎにして、かざえ扇は、何しのぶぞかし。
    • 1686: 好色一代女 (page 363)[6]
      「こなたは御牢人衆なるが、御奉公済ざるうちは、折ふし気慰に御入あるべし。」
    • 1686: 好色一代女 (page 437)[6]
      「京の石垣くづれなりと、さる御牢人衆の娘御なりと、新町で天神して居た女郎の果なりと、おまえへさまも見しらしやつて御ざんす事も」と
  6. a student who failed the annual university entrance exams and is waiting to take them again: 浪人生 (​rōninsei)

Synonyms[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Verb[edit]

浪(ろう)人(にん)する • (rōnin suru) ←らうにん (raunin)?suru (stem 浪(ろう)人(にん)し (rōnin shi), past 浪(ろう)人(にん)した (rōnin shita))

  1. to become unemployed, to lose one's job
  2. (archaic) to lose one's master
  3. to study for the following year's annual university entrance exams after failing

Conjugation[edit]

Conjugation of "浪人する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 浪人し ろうにんし rōnin shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 浪人し ろうにんし rōnin shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 浪人する ろうにんする rōnin suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 浪人する ろうにんする rōnin suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 浪人すれ ろうにんすれ rōnin sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 浪人せよ¹
浪人しろ² 		ろうにんせよ¹
ろうにんしろ² 		rōnin seyo¹
rōnin shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 浪人される ろうにんされる rōnin sareru
Causative 浪人させる
浪人さす 		ろうにんさせる
ろうにんさす 		rōnin saseru
rōnin sasu
Potential 浪人できる ろうにんできる rōnin dekiru
Volitional 浪人しよう ろうにんしよう rōnin shiyō
Negative 浪人しない ろうにんしない rōnin shinai
Negative continuative 浪人せず ろうにんせず rōnin sezu
Formal 浪人します ろうにんします rōnin shimasu
Perfective 浪人した ろうにんした rōnin shita
Conjunctive 浪人して ろうにんして rōnin shite
Hypothetical conditional 浪人すれば ろうにんすれば rōnin sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

Synonyms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  4. ^ Tadakane, Tachibana with Masamune Atsuo (ed.) (c. 1177-1188) Iroha Jiruishō (in Japanese), Kazama Shobō, published 1971
  5. ^ Doi, Tadao (1603–1604) Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1980, →ISBN.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Ihara, Saikaku with Isoji Asō, Gen Itasaka, Seiji Tsutsumi, Kōshin Noma (1957) [1686] Saikaku shū, jō, volume 47, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten Publishing, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Hanja in this term
浪人

Noun[edit]

浪人 • (nang'in) (hangeul 낭인)

  1. Hanja form? of 낭인 (“vagabond; ronin”).

Vietnamese[edit]

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
浪人

Noun[edit]

浪人

  1. chữ Hán form of lãng nhân (“ronin”).
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