سال

See also: ساڵ, سأل, and شال

Arabic

Etymology 1

Root
س ي ل (s-y-l)

Verb

سَالَ • (sāla) I, non-past يَسِيلُ‎ (yasīlu)

1. to flow, to run
2. to stretch over a horse's forehead and nose (of a white spot)

Conjugation

Conjugation of

سَالَ

(form-I hollow, verbal nouns سَيْل or سَيَلَان)

verbal nouns الْمَصَادِر						سَيْل or سَيَلَان sayl or sayalān
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						سَائِل sāʔil
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مَسِيل masīl
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	سِلْتُ siltu	سِلْتَ silta	سَالَ sāla		سِلْتُمَا siltumā	سَالَا sālā		سِلْنَا silnā	سِلْتُمْ siltum	سَالُوا sālū
	f		سِلْتِ silti	سَالَتْ sālat			سَالَتَا sālatā			سِلْتُنَّ siltunna	سِلْنَ silna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَسِيلُ ʔasīlu	تَسِيلُ tasīlu	يَسِيلُ yasīlu		تَسِيلَانِ tasīlāni	يَسِيلَانِ yasīlāni		نَسِيلُ nasīlu	تَسِيلُونَ tasīlūna	يَسِيلُونَ yasīlūna
	f		تَسِيلِينَ tasīlīna	تَسِيلُ tasīlu			تَسِيلَانِ tasīlāni			تَسِلْنَ tasilna	يَسِلْنَ yasilna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَسِيلَ ʔasīla	تَسِيلَ tasīla	يَسِيلَ yasīla		تَسِيلَا tasīlā	يَسِيلَا yasīlā		نَسِيلَ nasīla	تَسِيلُوا tasīlū	يَسِيلُوا yasīlū
	f		تَسِيلِي tasīlī	تَسِيلَ tasīla			تَسِيلَا tasīlā			تَسِلْنَ tasilna	يَسِلْنَ yasilna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَسِلْ ʔasil	تَسِلْ tasil	يَسِلْ yasil		تَسِيلَا tasīlā	يَسِيلَا yasīlā		نَسِلْ nasil	تَسِيلُوا tasīlū	يَسِيلُوا yasīlū
	f		تَسِيلِي tasīlī	تَسِلْ tasil			تَسِيلَا tasīlā			تَسِلْنَ tasilna	يَسِلْنَ yasilna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		سِلْ sil			سِيلَا sīlā				سِيلُوا sīlū
	f		سِيلِي sīlī							سِلْنَ silna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	—	—	سِيلَ sīla		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	—	—	يُسَالُ yusālu		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	—	—	يُسَالَ yusāla		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	—	—	يُسَلْ yusal		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—

Etymology 2

From the root س و ل (s-w-l), alternative form of س ء ل (s-ʔ-l).

Verb

سَالَ • (sāla) I, non-past يَسَالُ‎ (yasālu)

1. (dialectal) Alternative form of سَأَلَ (saʔala)

References

• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “سال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎^[1], London: W.H. Allen

Baluchi

Etymology

From Proto-Iranian *carHdáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts.

Noun

سال • (sál)

1. year

Kashmiri

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [saːl]

Noun

سال • (sāl) f (Devanagari साल)

1. sister-in-law (wife’s sister)

Noun

سال • (sāl) m (Devanagari साल)

1. invitation to a function (a dinner, lunch, etc.)

Moroccan Arabic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /saːl/

• Audio:

  (file)

Etymology 1

Root
س ي ل
1 term

From Arabic سَالَ (sāla).

Verb

سال • (sāl) I (non-past يسيل (ysīl))

1. to flow, to run

Conjugation

Conjugation of سال
		singular				plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
past	m	سلت (salt)	سلتي (salti)	سال (sāl)		سلنا (salna)	سلتوا (saltu)	سالوا (sālu)
	f			سالت (sālet)
non-past	m	نسيل (nsīl)	تسيل (tsīl)	يسيل (ysīl)		نسيلوا (nsīlu)	تسيلوا (tsīlu)	يسيلوا (ysīlu)
	f		تسيلي (tsīli)	تسيل (tsīl)
imperative	m		سيل (sīl)				سيلوا (sīlu)
	f		سيلي (sīli)

Etymology 2

Root
س و ل
2 terms

From Arabic سَأَلَ (saʔala).

Verb

سال • (sāl) I (non-past يسال (ysāl))

1. to be owed money
2. (dated) to ask

   Synonyms: سقصى (saqṣa), سول (sawwal)

Conjugation

Conjugation of سال
		singular				plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
past	m	سلت (salt)	سلتي (salti)	سال (sāl)		سلنا (salna)	سلتوا (saltu)	سالوا (sālu)
	f			سالت (sālet)
non-past	m	نسال (nsāl)	تسال (tsāl)	يسال (ysāl)		نسالوا (nsālu)	تسالوا (tsālu)	يسالوا (ysālu)
	f		تسالي (tsāli)	تسال (tsāl)
imperative	m		سال (sāl)				سالوا (sālu)
	f		سالي (sāli)

Persian

Etymology

From Middle Persian 𐭱𐭭𐭲 (sāl), from Old Persian 𐎰𐎼𐎭 (θ-r-d /⁠θard⁠/), from Proto-Iranian *carHdáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [sɑːl]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [sɑːl]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [sɑːl]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [sɑːl]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [sɔːl̥]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [sɒːl̥]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [sɔl]

Readings
Classical reading?	sāl
Iranian reading?	sâl
Tajik reading?	sol

• Audio (Iran):

  (file)

Noun

Dari	سال
Iranian Persian
Tajik	сол

سال • (sâl) (plural سال‌ها (sâl-hâ) or سالیان (sâliyân))

1. year

Derived terms

• امسال (emsâl, “this year”)
• بزرگسال (bozorgsâl, “adult”)
• خردسال (xordsâl, “underage, minor”)
• سالیانه (sâliyâne, “annual”)
• میانسال (miyânsâl, “middle-aged”)
• پارسال (pârsâl, “last year”)
• کهنسال (kohansâl, “old, venerable”)

 

Descendants

• → Azerbaijani: sal
• → Bengali: সাল (śal)
• → Gujarati: સાલ (sāl)
• → Hindustani:
  • Hindi: साल (sāl)
  • Urdu: سال (sāl)
• → Punjabi:
  • Gurmukhi script: ਸਾਲ (sāl)
  • Shahmukhi script: سال (sāl)
• → Sindhi: سال

References

• MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “sāl”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press
• Nourai, Ali (2011) An Etymological Dictionary of Persian, English and other Indo-European Languages, page 220

Punjabi

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian سال (sāl).

Noun

سال • (sāl) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਸਾਲ)

1. year

Further reading

• Iqbal, Salah ud-Din (2002) “سال”, in vaḍḍī panjābī lughat‎ (in Punjabi), Lahore: ʻAzīz Pablisharz

Saraiki

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian سال (sāl).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /saːl/

Noun

سال (sāl) m

1. year

Sindhi

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian سال (sāl).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [sɑlʊ]

Noun

سال • (sālu) m (Devanagari सालु)

1. year

Urdu

Pronunciation

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /sɑːl/

• Audio (Pakistan):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɑːl

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Classical Persian سال (sāl).

Noun

سال • (sāl) m (Hindi spelling साल)

1. year

Etymology 2

From Sanskrit शाल (śāla).

Noun

سال • (sāl) m (Hindi spelling साल)

1. saul tree and its wood (Shorea robusta)

Etymology 3

From Sanskrit शल्य (śalya).

Noun

سال • (sāl) m (Hindi spelling साल)

1. thorn

Etymology 4

From Sanskrit शाला (śālā).

Noun

سال • (sāl) f (Hindi spelling साल)

1. house
2. hall
3. place

Etymology 5

From Sanskrit शृगाल (śṛgāla).

Noun

سال • (sāl) m (Hindi spelling साल)

1. jackal

Uyghur

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *sāl. Cognates with Turkish sal.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sɑl/

Noun

سال • (sal) (plural ساللار (sallar))

1. a raft

Further reading

• Schwarz, Henry G. (1992) An Uyghur-English Dictionary (East Asian Research Aids & Translations; 3), Bellingham, Washington: Center for East Asian Studies, Western Washington University, →ISBN