Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰe

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

[edit]

Particle

[edit]

*g(ʰ)i or *g(ʰ)e or *g(ʰ)o

  1. Postpositional intensifying particle: indeed, at any rate, in fact
  2. Discourse particle: indeed, of course, surely

Usage notes

[edit]

The particle was indeclinable in Proto-Indo-European. Some daughter languages, particularly Italic, added pronominal inflection later, as also occurred with the particles *de, *h₂ew, and *ḱe. This particle could either be postposed to the word it intensified (e.g. *Hyód-gʰe wóyde “that which he knows”) or that it otherwise modified (e.g. *né-gʰí “not at all, not indeed”), or it could begin discourse in which it is placed before everything else (e.g. *gʰí … “of course, …”). The presence or lack of aspiration as well as the ablaut grade appear to have been completely arbitrary, and may have been subject to dialectal variation.

Derived terms

[edit]
  • *gʰe-ḱe (combined with *ḱe)
    • Proto-Italic: *hek(e)
  • *ne-g(ʰ)i (combined with *ne)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *negi
      • Latvian: nedz (neither, nor)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *naǰʰí
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *naźʰí
        • Sanskrit: नहि (nahí, not at all, no indeed) (see there for further descendants)
  • *sm̥-gʰé (combined with *sm̥-)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saǰʰa
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saźʰa
        • Sanskrit: सह (sahá, together with, along with)

Descendants

[edit]
  • Proto-Hellenic: *ge
    • Ancient Greek: γε (ge, at least, at any rate, only; in fact)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰí, *ǰʰa, *gʰa
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ge
    • Proto-Slavic: *že (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *-k