χαράσσω
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Ancient Greek[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology[edit]
According to Pokorny, from some -k- extension to Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to scratch, scrape”).[1] Beekes claims that the verb, although both earlier and more frequently attested than χάραξ (khárax), is a denominative formation from the latter. It can well be a borrowing from the Phoenician cognate to much-used Jewish Babylonian Aramaic חֲרַץ (ḥăraṣ, “to cut into, to incise”), Hebrew חָרַץ (ḥāraṣ, “to cut or dig a cavity into; to sharpen”), Arabic خَرَزَ (ḵaraza, “to bore into”),[2] exactly attested with the semantics of the Greek as active participle or occupational noun Punic 𐤇𐤓𐤔 (ḥrš, “crafter; engraver”).[3]
Pronunciation[edit]
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /kʰa.rás.sɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /kʰaˈras.so/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /xaˈras.so/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /xaˈras.so/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /xaˈra.so/
Verb[edit]
χᾰρᾰ́σσω • (kharássō)
Conjugation[edit]
Present: χᾰρᾰ́σσω, χᾰρᾰ́σσομαι
Future: χᾰρᾰ́ξω
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | χᾰρᾰ́ξω | χᾰρᾰ́ξεις | χᾰρᾰ́ξει | χᾰρᾰ́ξετον | χᾰρᾰ́ξετον | χᾰρᾰ́ξομεν | χᾰρᾰ́ξετε | χᾰρᾰ́ξουσῐ(ν) | ||||
optative | χᾰρᾰ́ξοιμῐ | χᾰρᾰ́ξοις | χᾰρᾰ́ξοι | χᾰρᾰ́ξοιτον | χᾰρᾰξοίτην | χᾰρᾰ́ξοιμεν | χᾰρᾰ́ξοιτε | χᾰρᾰ́ξοιεν | |||||
active | |||||||||||||
infinitive | χᾰρᾰ́ξειν | ||||||||||||
participle | m | χᾰρᾰ́ξων | |||||||||||
f | χᾰρᾰ́ξουσᾰ | ||||||||||||
n | χᾰρᾰ́ξον | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
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Aorist: ἐχᾰ́ρᾰξᾰ, ἐχᾰρᾰ́χθην
Perfect: κεχᾰ́ρᾰγμαι
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | κεχᾰ́ρᾰγμαι | κεχᾰ́ρᾰξαι | κεχᾰ́ρᾰκται | κεχᾰ́ρᾰχθον | κεχᾰ́ρᾰχθον | κεχᾰρᾰ́γμεθᾰ | κεχᾰ́ρᾰχθε | κεχᾰρᾰ́γᾰται | ||||
subjunctive | κεχᾰρᾰγμένος ὦ | κεχᾰρᾰγμένος ᾖς | κεχᾰρᾰγμένος ᾖ | κεχᾰρᾰγμένω ἦτον | κεχᾰρᾰγμένω ἦτον | κεχᾰρᾰγμένοι ὦμεν | κεχᾰρᾰγμένοι ἦτε | κεχᾰρᾰγμένοι ὦσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | κεχᾰρᾰγμένος εἴην | κεχᾰρᾰγμένος εἴης | κεχᾰρᾰγμένος εἴη | κεχᾰρᾰγμένω εἴητον/εἶτον | κεχᾰρᾰγμένω εἰήτην/εἴτην | κεχᾰρᾰγμένοι εἴημεν/εἶμεν | κεχᾰρᾰγμένοι εἴητε/εἶτε | κεχᾰρᾰγμένοι εἴησᾰν/εἶεν | |||||
imperative | κεχᾰ́ρᾰξο | κεχᾰρᾰ́χθω | κεχᾰ́ρᾰχθον | κεχᾰρᾰ́χθων | κεχᾰ́ρᾰχθε | κεχᾰρᾰ́χθων | |||||||
middle/passive | |||||||||||||
infinitive | κεχᾰρᾰ́χθαι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | κεχᾰρᾰγμένος | |||||||||||
f | κεχᾰρᾰγμένη | ||||||||||||
n | κεχᾰρᾰγμένον | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
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Derived terms[edit]
Related terms[edit]
References[edit]
- “χαράσσω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
- ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 441
- ^ Müller, David Heinrich (1887) “Arabisch-aramäische Glossen”, in Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes[1] (in German), volume 1, page 25
- ^ Krahmalkov, Charles R. (2000) Phoenician-Punic Dictionary (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta; 90), Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters en Departement Oosterse Studies Leuven, →ISBN, pages 198–199
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- Ancient Greek terms borrowed from Phoenician
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Phoenician
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