خراج
Arabic[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From خ ر ج (ḵ-r-j) in the sense “to extract” or “take out”, with phono-semantic matching of Middle Persian apparently in an unattested by-form of by-itself Iranian-origin 𐫍𐫡𐫃 (hrg /harg/), 𐫟𐫡𐫃 (xrg /xarg/), 𐫆𐫡𐫵𐫃 (hrːg /harg/, “tribute”) surfacing as Old Armenian հարկ (hark) etc., an already Old Persian contamination *𐏃𐎼𐎠𐎣 (ha-ra-a-ka /*harāka/, “tribute, tax, any public charge based on land property”) on the model of Imperial Aramaic 𐡄𐡋𐡊𐡀 (hlkʾ /hălāḵā/, “tribute, tax, any public charge based on land property”), itself calqued from Akkadian 𒅋𒆪 (il-ku /ilku/, “corvée, tribute, any public charge based on land property”). Also attested several times in Biblical Aramaic הֲלָכָא (/hălāḵā/) but otherwise missing in Aramaic.
Noun[edit]
خَرَاج • (ḵarāj) m (plural أَخْرَاج (ʔaḵrāj) or أَخْرِجَة (ʔaḵrija))
Declension[edit]
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | خَرَاج ḵarāj |
الْخَرَاج al-ḵarāj |
خَرَاج ḵarāj |
Nominative | خَرَاجٌ ḵarājun |
الْخَرَاجُ al-ḵarāju |
خَرَاجُ ḵarāju |
Accusative | خَرَاجًا ḵarājan |
الْخَرَاجَ al-ḵarāja |
خَرَاجَ ḵarāja |
Genitive | خَرَاجٍ ḵarājin |
الْخَرَاجِ al-ḵarāji |
خَرَاجِ ḵarāji |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | خَرَاجَيْن ḵarājayn |
الْخَرَاجَيْن al-ḵarājayn |
خَرَاجَيْ ḵarājay |
Nominative | خَرَاجَانِ ḵarājāni |
الْخَرَاجَانِ al-ḵarājāni |
خَرَاجَا ḵarājā |
Accusative | خَرَاجَيْنِ ḵarājayni |
الْخَرَاجَيْنِ al-ḵarājayni |
خَرَاجَيْ ḵarājay |
Genitive | خَرَاجَيْنِ ḵarājayni |
الْخَرَاجَيْنِ al-ḵarājayni |
خَرَاجَيْ ḵarājay |
Plural | basic broken plural triptote; broken plural triptote in ـَة (-a) | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | أَخْرَاج; أَخْرِجَة ʔaḵrāj; ʔaḵrija |
الْأَخْرَاج; الْأَخْرِجَة al-ʔaḵrāj; al-ʔaḵrija |
أَخْرَاج; أَخْرِجَة ʔaḵrāj; ʔaḵrijat |
Nominative | أَخْرَاجٌ; أَخْرِجَةٌ ʔaḵrājun; ʔaḵrijatun |
الْأَخْرَاجُ; الْأَخْرِجَةُ al-ʔaḵrāju; al-ʔaḵrijatu |
أَخْرَاجُ; أَخْرِجَةُ ʔaḵrāju; ʔaḵrijatu |
Accusative | أَخْرَاجًا; أَخْرِجَةً ʔaḵrājan; ʔaḵrijatan |
الْأَخْرَاجَ; الْأَخْرِجَةَ al-ʔaḵrāja; al-ʔaḵrijata |
أَخْرَاجَ; أَخْرِجَةَ ʔaḵrāja; ʔaḵrijata |
Genitive | أَخْرَاجٍ; أَخْرِجَةٍ ʔaḵrājin; ʔaḵrijatin |
الْأَخْرَاجِ; الْأَخْرِجَةِ al-ʔaḵrāji; al-ʔaḵrijati |
أَخْرَاجِ; أَخْرِجَةِ ʔaḵrāji; ʔaḵrijati |
Descendants[edit]
- → English: kharaj
- → Azerbaijani: xərac
- → French: kharaj
- → Middle Armenian: խարաճ (xarač)
- → Ottoman Turkish: خراج (haraç)
- → Persian: خراج (xarâj)
- → Polish: charadż
- → Russian: хара́дж (xarádž)
- → Spanish: jarach
Etymology 2[edit]
Root |
---|
خ ر ج (ḵ-r-j) |
Noun[edit]
خُرَاج or خُرَّاج • (ḵurāj or ḵurrāj) m (plural خُرَاجَات (ḵurājāt) or خُرَّاجَات (ḵurrājāt))
Declension[edit]
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | خُرَاج; خُرَّاج ḵurāj; ḵurrāj |
الْخُرَاج; الْخُرَّاج al-ḵurāj; al-ḵurrāj |
خُرَاج; خُرَّاج ḵurāj; ḵurrāj |
Nominative | خُرَاجٌ; خُرَّاجٌ ḵurājun; ḵurrājun |
الْخُرَاجُ; الْخُرَّاجُ al-ḵurāju; al-ḵurrāju |
خُرَاجُ; خُرَّاجُ ḵurāju; ḵurrāju |
Accusative | خُرَاجًا; خُرَّاجًا ḵurājan; ḵurrājan |
الْخُرَاجَ; الْخُرَّاجَ al-ḵurāja; al-ḵurrāja |
خُرَاجَ; خُرَّاجَ ḵurāja; ḵurrāja |
Genitive | خُرَاجٍ; خُرَّاجٍ ḵurājin; ḵurrājin |
الْخُرَاجِ; الْخُرَّاجِ al-ḵurāji; al-ḵurrāji |
خُرَاجِ; خُرَّاجِ ḵurāji; ḵurrāji |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | خُرَاجَيْن; خُرَّاجَيْن ḵurājayn; ḵurrājayn |
الْخُرَاجَيْن; الْخُرَّاجَيْن al-ḵurājayn; al-ḵurrājayn |
خُرَاجَيْ; خُرَّاجَيْ ḵurājay; ḵurrājay |
Nominative | خُرَاجَانِ; خُرَّاجَانِ ḵurājāni; ḵurrājāni |
الْخُرَاجَانِ; الْخُرَّاجَانِ al-ḵurājāni; al-ḵurrājāni |
خُرَاجَا; خُرَّاجَا ḵurājā; ḵurrājā |
Accusative | خُرَاجَيْنِ; خُرَّاجَيْنِ ḵurājayni; ḵurrājayni |
الْخُرَاجَيْنِ; الْخُرَّاجَيْنِ al-ḵurājayni; al-ḵurrājayni |
خُرَاجَيْ; خُرَّاجَيْ ḵurājay; ḵurrājay |
Genitive | خُرَاجَيْنِ; خُرَّاجَيْنِ ḵurājayni; ḵurrājayni |
الْخُرَاجَيْنِ; الْخُرَّاجَيْنِ al-ḵurājayni; al-ḵurrājayni |
خُرَاجَيْ; خُرَّاجَيْ ḵurājay; ḵurrājay |
Plural | sound feminine plural | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | خُرَاجَات; خُرَّاجَات ḵurājāt; ḵurrājāt |
الْخُرَاجَات; الْخُرَّاجَات al-ḵurājāt; al-ḵurrājāt |
خُرَاجَات; خُرَّاجَات ḵurājāt; ḵurrājāt |
Nominative | خُرَاجَاتٌ; خُرَّاجَاتٌ ḵurājātun; ḵurrājātun |
الْخُرَاجَاتُ; الْخُرَّاجَاتُ al-ḵurājātu; al-ḵurrājātu |
خُرَاجَاتُ; خُرَّاجَاتُ ḵurājātu; ḵurrājātu |
Accusative | خُرَاجَاتٍ; خُرَّاجَاتٍ ḵurājātin; ḵurrājātin |
الْخُرَاجَاتِ; الْخُرَّاجَاتِ al-ḵurājāti; al-ḵurrājāti |
خُرَاجَاتِ; خُرَّاجَاتِ ḵurājāti; ḵurrājāti |
Genitive | خُرَاجَاتٍ; خُرَّاجَاتٍ ḵurājātin; ḵurrājātin |
الْخُرَاجَاتِ; الْخُرَّاجَاتِ al-ḵurājāti; al-ḵurrājāti |
خُرَاجَاتِ; خُرَّاجَاتِ ḵurājāti; ḵurrājāti |
Alternative forms[edit]
- خُرَاجَة (ḵurāja)
Descendants[edit]
- → Ottoman Turkish: خراج (huraç, hurraç)
References[edit]
- “hlk”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
- Burrow, Thomas (1935) “Iranian Words in the Kharoṣṭhi Documents from Chinese Turkestan—II”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies[1], volume 7, number 4, page 788 of 779–790
- Henning, Walter Bruno (1935) “Arabisch ḫarāǧ”, in Orientalia, volume 4 (Nova Series), , pages 291–293 = Henning, W. B. (1977) Selected Papers (Acta Iranica; 14)[2], volume 1, Tehran and Liège: Bibliothèque Pahlavi, pages 355–357
- Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974) The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic (The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies; 19)[3], Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 58
Ottoman Turkish[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Noun[edit]
خراج • (haraç)
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
- Turkish: haraç
- → Bulgarian: хара́ч (haráč), хара́дж (harádž)
- → Greek: χαράτσι (charátsi)
- → Hungarian: harács
- → Macedonian: арач (arač)
- → Polish: haracz
- → Romanian: haraci
- → Serbo-Croatian: hàrāč / ха̀ра̄ч
Etymology 2[edit]
Noun[edit]
خراج • (huraç, hurraç)
References[edit]
- Kélékian, Diran (1911) “خراج”, in Dictionnaire turc-français[4], Constantinople: Mihran, page 534a
- Arabic terms belonging to the root خ ر ج
- Arabic phono-semantic matchings from Middle Persian
- Arabic terms derived from Middle Persian
- Arabic terms derived from Old Persian
- Arabic terms derived from Imperial Aramaic
- Arabic terms derived from Akkadian
- Arabic lemmas
- Arabic nouns
- Arabic masculine nouns
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote singular
- Arabic nouns with broken plural
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote broken plural
- Arabic nouns with triptote broken plural in -a
- Arabic nouns with sound feminine plural
- ar:Medical signs and symptoms
- ar:Taxation
- Ottoman Turkish terms borrowed from Arabic
- Ottoman Turkish terms derived from Arabic
- Ottoman Turkish lemmas
- Ottoman Turkish nouns
- ota:Medical signs and symptoms
- ota:Taxation