سفر

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See also: شقر and س ف ر

Arabic[edit]

Root
س ف ر (s-f-r)

Etymology 1[edit]

Compare Akkadian 𒊭𒉺𒀸 (šapārum, to send).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Noun[edit]

سَفَر (safarm (plural أَسْفَار (ʔasfār))

  1. departure, journey, travel
  2. campaign, military expedition
Declension[edit]
Descendants[edit]

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Verb[edit]

سَفَّرَ (saffara) II, non-past يُسَفِّرُ‎ (yusaffiru)

  1. to cause to journey, to put on board
Conjugation[edit]

Pronunciation 3[edit]

Verb[edit]

سَفَرَ (safara) I, non-past يَسْفِرُ‎ (yasfiru) (archaic)

  1. to strip, to remove, to sweep away, to carry off in every direction
Conjugation[edit]

Noun[edit]

سَفْر (safrm

  1. verbal noun of سَفَرَ (safara) (form I), mark or trace
Declension[edit]

Verb[edit]

سَفَرَ (safara) I, non-past يَسْفِرُ‎ (yasfiru)

  1. (intransitive) to unveil, to put away one's shroud
    • a. 1113, Al-Abīwardīy, وَسِربِ عَذارى مِن رَبيعَةِ عامِرٍ[1]:
      وَقَد سَفَرَتْ عَنْ وَجْهِهَا فَتَمَزَّقَتْ
      waqad safarat ʕan wajhihā fatamazzaqat
      She removed her veil and got torn.
Conjugation[edit]

Pronunciation 4[edit]

Noun[edit]

سَفْر (safrm

  1. verbal noun of سَفَرَ (safara) (form I)
Declension[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Terminology of the religious sphere, borrowed from Aramaic סִפְרָא (sip̱rā, writing, book) / ܣܷܦܪܴܐ (sep̱rā, writing, book); compare Biblical Hebrew סֵפֶר (sḗp̄er, writing, book). Ultimately from Akkadian 𒅆𒅁𒀸 (šiprum).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

سِفْر (sifrm (plural أَسْفَار (ʔasfār))

  1. written book
    Synonym: كِتَاب (kitāb)
    • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 62:5:
      مَثَلُ الَّذِينَ حُمِّلُوا التَّوْرَاةَ ثُمَّ لَمْ يَحْمِلُوهَا كَمَثَلِ الْحِمَارِ يَحْمِلُ أَسْفَارًا
      maṯalu allaḏīna ḥummilū t-tawrāta ṯumma lam yaḥmilūhā kamaṯali l-ḥimāri yaḥmilu ʔasfāran
      The example of those who were entrusted with the Torah and then did not take it on is like that of a donkey who carries volumes of books.
  2. (Christianity, Judaism) a book of the Bible
    سِفْرُ ٱلْمُلُوكِ ٱلْأَوَّلُsifru l-mulūki l-ʔawwaluthe First Book of Kings
  3. (archaic) trace, mark, writing
Declension[edit]

Verb[edit]

سَفَرَ (safara) I, non-past يَسْفِرُ‎ (yasfiru)

  1. (archaic) to copy, to scribe, to write
    Synonym: كَتَبَ (kataba)
Conjugation[edit]
Related terms[edit]

References[edit]

  • Freytag, Georg (1833) “سفر”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum[2] (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 321
  • Jeffery, Arthur (1938) “سِفْر”, in The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān (Gaekwad’s Oriental Series; 79), Baroda: Oriental Institute, pages 170–171
  • Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “سفر”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc[3] (in French), volume 1, Paris: Maisonneuve et Cie, page 1097
  • Lane, Edward William (1863) “سفر”, in Arabic-English Lexicon[4], London: Williams & Norgate, page 1370
  • Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “سفر”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary[5], London: W.H. Allen, page 496
  • Wehr, Hans (1979) “سفر”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 481

Central Kurdish[edit]

Central Kurdish cardinal numbers
۰ ۱  > 
    Cardinal : سفر (sifr)

Etymology[edit]

From Arabic صِفْر (ṣifr).

Numeral[edit]

سفر (sifir)

  1. zero; 0

Ottoman Turkish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Arabic سَفَر (safar).

Noun[edit]

سفر (sefer)

  1. travel
  2. campaign

Descendants[edit]

Persian[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Arabic سَفَر (safar). Cognate of English safari.

Pronunciation[edit]

 

Readings
Classical reading? safar
Dari reading? safar
Iranian reading? safar
Tajik reading? safar

Noun[edit]

Dari سفر
Iranian Persian
Tajik сафар

سفر (safar)

  1. travel
    من سفر هوائی را دوست ندارم.
    man safar havâ'i-râ dust nadâram.
    I don't like travelling by air.
  2. trip
  3. voyage
  4. journey
  5. expedition
Related terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

From Arabic سِفْر (sifr).

Pronunciation[edit]

 

Readings
Classical reading? sifr
Dari reading? sifr
Iranian reading? sefr
Tajik reading? sifr

Noun[edit]

سفر (sefr)

  1. book

South Levantine Arabic[edit]

Etymology[edit]

De-emphaticization in urban Palestinian accents.

Numeral[edit]

سفر (sifr)

  1. Alternative form of صفر (ṣifr): zero

Urdu[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Classical Persian سفر (safar), from Arabic سَفَر (safar). Cognate of English safari.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

سَفَر (safarm (Hindi spelling सफ़र)

  1. travel, trip, journey, voyage

Declension[edit]

Declension of سفر
singular plural
direct سفر (safar) سفر (safar)
oblique سفر (safar) سفروں (safarō̃)
vocative سفر (safar) سفرو (safarō)

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • سفر”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
  • سفر”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.
  • Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “سفر”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.

Ushojo[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Urdu سفر (safar).

Noun[edit]

سفر (safar)

  1. travel, voyage
  2. trip, journey
  3. expedition