ḫpr

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See also: HPR and hPR

Egyptian[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

 

Verb[edit]

xpr
r

 3-lit.

  1. (intransitive) to come into being, to start to exist [since the Pyramid Texts]
    • c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, lines 1–2:
      z
      t      		 Q7N33A
      n      		 A1irwN33A
      Ba17s N33A Ba17as      		 n&A1
      z
      T30      		 mD54
      N33A      		 wA1xpr
      r      		 w
      N33A      		 mHaF51 Z1
      N33A      		 A1
      st n.j jrw.n.j sšm wj ḫprw m ḥꜥw.j
      Illuminate for me, those whom I made! Lead me, those who came into being through my flesh!
  2. (intransitive) to come to exist or take place (in the currently relevant context); to occur, to happen, to appear, to arise (+ m-ꜥ: to happen to) [since the Pyramid Texts]
    • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 21–23:
      sD&d A1r
      f      		 n
      k      		 miit t
      Y2      		 ir
      y      		 xpr
      r      		 m&a A1D&z A1
      sḏd.j r.f n.k mjtt jrj ḫpr(.w) m-ꜥ.j ḏs.j
      Even so, let me recount to you something similar to this that happened to me myself.
    • c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) line 2.2:
      D35r
      x      		 Y1n
      t      		 wxprr
      t      		 Z2
      ir      		 r
      t      		 nTrZ1x t
      f      		 U35A24f
      nj rḫ.n.tw ḫprt jrrt nṯr ḫft ḫsf.f
      One cannot know what might come to be or what the god might do when he punishes.
    • c. 1600 BCE, Westcar Papyrus, column 4, line 18:[2]
      D37
      A1      		 sDmmHmZ1G7kbiW10
      F18      		 i i t
      Z5      		 Y1
      Z2      		 xprr
      t
      ḏj.j sḏm ḥm.k bjꜣyt ḫprt […]
      I will let Your Majesty hear a wonder that happened […]
  3. (intransitive) to evolve, to develop, to transform (+ m: to turn into, to become) [since the Pyramid Texts]
    • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 67–73:
      iwwp
      p      		 Z10
      n      		 fr Z1
      f      		 rA1iWA1Hr Z1 X
      t Z1      		 A1mbbAAHD53Y2
      f
      D&d fn&A1 nm&a inin
      t      		 wzp y
      n      		 D&z nDsA1nm&a inin
      t      		 w
      irwd
      f      		 G38D54
      k      		 mD&d n&A1 inin
      t      		 wriw
      N23 Z1      		 p
      n
      r
      a      		 A1r
      x      		 Y2
      k      		 twiwkmz
      z      		 Q7xpr
      r&t      		 mn
      t y      		 D35U2
      ir      		 At
      f
      jw wp.n.f r(ꜣ).f r.j jw.j ḥr ẖt.j m bꜣḥ.f ḏd.f n.j (j)n-mj jn tw zpwj snwj nḏs (j)n-mj jn tw jr wdf.k m ḏd n.j jn tw r jw pn rdj.j rḫ.k tw jw.k m ss⟨f⟩ ḫpr.t(j) m ntj nj mꜣ.t(w).f
      He opened his mouth at me while I was on my belly before him, saying to me:
      ―Who brought you, who brought you, little man? Who brought you? If you delay in telling me who brought you to this island, I will make you know yourself as ashes, transformed into that which cannot be seen.
    • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 149–150:
      aHaa
      n      		 sbt
      bH      		 A2n
      f      		 imA1mM22M22D&d n&A1 mn
      f      		 nDsmibZ1f
      D&d f
      n      		 A1D35wrrn
      k      		 a
      n      		 tywW23
      Z2ss      		 xprr
      t      		 nbnTrsnn
      t      		 rtrN33C
      Z2ss
      ꜥḥꜥ.n sbt.n.f jm.j m nn ḏd.n.j m nf m jb.f ḏd.f n.j (j)n wr n.k ꜥntjw ḫpr.t(j) ⟨m⟩ nb sntr
      Then he laughed at me – and at this that I’d said – as being wrong to his mind, saying to me: Are you abundant in myrrh, turned into a lord of incense?[3]
  4. (intransitive, of time) to come, to arrive

Inflection[edit]

Conjugation of ḫpr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ḫpr, geminated stem: ḫprr
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
ḫpr
 ḫprw, ḫpr
 ḫprt
 ḫpr
 ḫpr
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
ḫpr
 ḥr ḫpr
 m ḫpr
 r ḫpr
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active contingent
aspect / mood active
perfect ḫpr.n
 consecutive ḫpr.jn
terminative ḫprt
perfective3 ḫpr
 obligative1 ḫpr.ḫr
imperfective ḫpr
prospective3 ḫpr
 potentialis1 ḫpr.kꜣ
subjunctive ḫpr
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active active passive
perfect ḫpr.n
 — —
perfective ḫpr
 ḫpr
 ḫpr, ḫprw5, ḫpry5
imperfective ḫpr, ḫpry, ḫprw5
 ḫpr, ḫprj6, ḫpry6
 ḫpr, ḫprw5
prospective ḫpr, ḫprtj7
 ḫprtj4, ḫprt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms[edit]

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḫpr  
xpr
x
p		 xprr
ḫpr ḫpr

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲱⲡⲉ (xōpe)
  • Bohairic and Fayyumic Coptic: ϣⲱⲡⲓ (šōpi)
  • Dialect P Coptic: ⳋⲱⲡⲉ (çōpe)
  • Proto-Lycopolitan Coptic: ⳃⲱⲡⲉ (çōpe)
  • Sahidic and Lycopolitan Coptic: ϣⲱⲡⲉ (šōpe)

Proper noun[edit]

xpr

 m

  1. A serekh name notably borne by Djedefre, a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty

References[edit]

  • Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926–1961) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN
  • von Beckerath, Jürgen (1995) “Ḫpr/ḫpr(w)/ḫpr(w)w in den Königsnamen des Neuen Reiches nach griechischer Überlieferung” in Divitiae aegypti: Koptologische und verwandte Studien zu Ehren von Martin Krause, edited by Cäcilia Fluck, Lucia Langener, Siegfried Richter, Sofia Schaten, and Gregor Wurst. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. 15–18.
  • Atiya, Aziz Suryal, editor (1991), “Protodialect”, in The Coptic Encyclopedia‎[1], New York: Macmillan, →ISBN
  • Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 84
  • Leprohon, Ronald (2013) Denise Doxey, editor, The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary, Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, →ISBN, page 35
  • von Beckerath, Jürgen (1984) Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, München: Deutscher Kunstverlag, →ISBN, pages 52, 179
  1. ^ Loprieno, Antonio (2001) “From Ancient Egyptian to Coptic” in Haspelmath, Martin et al. (eds.), Language Typology and Language Universals.
  2. ^ Nederhof, Mark-Jan, Papyrus Westcar, page 14
  3. ^ Or ‘You aren’t abundant in myrrh …’, if the initial particle is read as negative nj instead of interrogative jn. The expected negative particle for such a clause would be nn, so an interrogative is more plausible. For a detailed discussion see Scalf, Foy (2009) “Is That a Rhetorical Question? Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage 1115) 150 Reconsidered” in Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, volume 136, issue 2, pages 155–159.
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