龜茲

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See also: 龟兹

Chinese

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phonetic
trad. (龜茲)
simp. (龟兹)
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Etymology

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First attested in the Book of Han, written in the 2nd century. Apparently corresponds to the endonym of the historical Kucha in Tocharian B *Kuśi, attested in the genitive Kuśiñ and adjective kuśiññe (pertaining to *Kuśi), or its more archaic variant (see Adams, 2013, which reconstructs the Proto-Tocharian *kući(ye) proto-form for the adjective). Cf. Niya Prakrit 𐨐𐨂𐨕𐨁𐨪𐨗𐨎𐨨𐨁 (kucirajaṃmi, kingdom of Kuci). Adams (ibid.) suggests further etymology from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewk- (shining, white).

Pronunciation

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Note: gau1 ci4 - usually avoided for euphemism.

Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2 1/2
Initial () (28) (15)
Final () (136) (19)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division () III III
Fanqie
Baxter kjuw dzi
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kɨu/ /d͡zɨ/
Pan
Wuyun
/kiu/ /d͡zɨ/
Shao
Rongfen
/kiəu/ /d͡zie/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kuw/ /d͡zɨ/
Li
Rong
/kiu/ /d͡ziə/
Wang
Li
/kĭəu/ /d͡zĭə/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ki̯ə̯u/ /d͡zʱi/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
jiū
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gau1 ci4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
guī
Middle
Chinese
‹ kjuw ›
Old
Chinese
/*[k]ʷə/
English tortoise

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 4614 17848
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0 0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʷɯ/ /*zɯ/

Proper noun

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龜茲

  1. Kucha or Kuchar (an ancient Central Asian city-state that flourished in the first millennium AD, located in modern day Aksu, Xinjiang)

Synonyms

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