-ko

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ko"

Basque

Alternative forms

• -eko (after consonants)
• -go (see usage notes)

Etymology

Unknown.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ko/, [ko̞]

Suffix

-ko

1. Locative singular suffix.

   ‎etxe (“house”) + ‎-ko → ‎etxeko (“of the house, related to the house”)

2. Noun-forming suffix with various functions.
   1. related to, near

      ‎gerri (“waist”) + ‎-ko → ‎gerriko (“belt”)

      ‎belarri (“ear”) + ‎-ko → ‎belarritako (“earring”)

   2. Forms words expressing a hit or strike
3. Forms future participles.

   ‎egin (“to do”) + ‎-ko → ‎egingo (“will do”)

Usage notes

• The case formed by this suffix is also called "local genitive" or "locative genitive". It roughly corresponds to the usage of the prepositions of in English and de in Spanish. The genitive case (formed by the suffix -ren) also corresponds generally to these prepositions; but is mostly used to imply ownership, while the locative implies location or relatedness. However, there are exceptions to this general rule, see the usage examples below.

  Bizkaiko mendiak ― the mountains of Biscay

  buruko mina ― headache (literally, “pain of the head”)

  eskolako jaialdia ― school festival

  Picassoren margolan bat ― a painting by Picasso

  Ilargiaren orbita ― the orbit of the Moon

  mutilaren argazkia ― the picture of (owned by) the boy; the picture of (showing) the boy

• Common nouns ending in a consonant take the form -eko with an epenthetic vowel.

  ‎hondartz (“beach”) + ‎-ko → ‎hondartzeko (“of the beach”).

• Proper nouns and verbs ending /n/ or /l/ take the voiced form -go.

  ‎Madril (“Madrid”) + ‎-ko → ‎Madrilgo (“of Madrid”).

Declension

Basque inflectional suffixes
		indefinite	singular	plural	proximal plural
absolutive		-∅	-a	-ak	-ok
ergative		-(e)k	-ak	-ek
dative		-(r)i	-ari	-ei	-oi
genitive		-(r)en	-aren	-en	-on
comitative		-(r)ekin	-arekin	-ekin	-okin
causative		-(r)engatik	-arengatik	-engatik	-ongatik
benefactive		-(r)entzat	-arentzat	-entzat	-ontzat
instrumental		-(e)z	-az	-ez	-oz
inessive	anim.	-(r)engan	-arengan	-engan	-ongan
	inanim.	-(e)tan	-an	-etan	-otan
locative	anim.	―	―	―	―
	inanim.	-(e)tako	-(e)ko	-etako	-otako
allative	anim.	-(r)engana	-arengana	-engana	-ongana
	inanim.	-(e)tara	-(e)ra	-etara	-otara
terminative	anim.	-(r)enganaino	-arenganaino	-enganaino	-onganaino
	inanim.	-(e)taraino	-(e)raino	-etaraino	-otaraino
directive	anim.	-(r)enganantz	-arenganantz	-enganantz	-onganantz
	inanim.	-(e)tarantz	-(e)rantz	-etarantz	-otarantz
destinative	anim.	-(r)enganako	-arenganako	-enganako	-onganako
	inanim.	-(e)tarako	-(e)rako	-etarako	-otarako
ablative	anim.	-(r)engandik	-arengandik	-engandik	-ongandik
	inanim.	-(e)tatik	-(e)tik	-etik	-otik
partitive		-(r)ik	―	―	―
prolative		-tzat	―	―	―

Derived terms

Basque terms suffixed with -ko

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ ko]

Suffix

-ko n (noun-forming suffix)

1. forms diminutive nouns

   ‎ef + ‎-ko → ‎efko

   ‎oko + ‎-ko → ‎očko

   ‎zrno + ‎-ko → ‎zrnko

Derived terms

Czech terms suffixed with -ko

See also

• -átko
• -čko
• -íčko

Further reading

• -ko in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-ko, probably ultimately from Proto-Uralic *ko-.

Particle

-ko (front vowel harmony variant -kö, linguistic notation -kO) (enclitic particle)

1. (enclitic) Turns a clause interrogative. It is appended to the element of the clause that is questioned most. English equivalents include the normal ways of forming an interrogative statement without using an interrogative pronoun, such as the verb "do", inversion of the word order and intonation.

   Onko hän täällä? (on > + -ko)

   Is s/he here?

   Täälläkö hän on? (täällä + -kö)

   Is s/he here?

   Tuleeko hän laivalla? (tulee > + -ko)

   Is she coming by the ship?

   Millä sitten - veneelläkö? (veneellä + -kö)

   By what, then - on the boat?

   Näkeekö hän? (näkee > + -kö)

   Does s/he see?

   Pitäisikö hänen tulla tänne? (pitäisi > + -kö)

   Should s/he come here?

2. (enclitic) In indirect questions, -ko/-kö appended to the verb corresponds to the conjunctions if and whether in English.

   En tiedä, tuleeko hän.

   I don't know if she comes.

   En tiedä, näkeekö hän.

   I don't know if she sees.

3. (enclitic) With the particle -han/-hän attached to the topic of discussion, it expresses "I wonder if".

   Pukeutuikohan hän tarpeeksi lämpimästi tänä aamuna?

   I wonder if he put enough clothes on this morning.

   Meniköhän hän kouluun tänä aamuna?

   I wonder if he went to school this morning.

4. (enclitic) With the negative verb (en, et, ei, emme, ette, eivät) and the particle -han/-hän, expresses "I suppose".

   Emmeköhän me jotenkuten tule toimeen.

   I suppose we'll get by somehow.

5. (enclitic, colloquial) In a question with an interrogative word.

   Olikko millon tulossa käymään?

   When are you coming by here?

Usage notes

• (interrogative particle): The particle -ko/-kö is used when there is no other interrogative word, in both direct and indirect questions. The answer is expected to be simply affirmative or negative.
• (interrogative particle): The word with this particle will usually move to the beginning of the clause (see the usage examples).
• (I wonder if): Note that, unlike in English, the sentence meaning "I wonder if" is an interrogative sentence in Finnish, so it ends with a question mark.

Synonyms

• -ks (colloquial)

See also

• -kin
• -kaan/-kään
• -han/-hän
• -kö (the same particle in words with front vowel harmony)
• -pa/-pä
• -s

Garo

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-ko

1. (inflectional suffix) forms the accusative case

See also

• -ni (“forms genitive”)
• -na (“forms dative”)
• -chi (“forms instrumental”)
• -no (“forms locative”)

Hadza

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ko/

Suffix

-ko

1. a feminine singular suffix (often used with a collective sense)

Related terms

• -hako

Ilocano

Alternative forms

• -k — before vowels and suffixes -en and -an

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ku, from Proto-Austronesian *ku.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ko/, /ku/

Pronoun

{head|ilo|pronoun}}

1. First-person singular ergative enclitic pronoun; I

   Inlukatko ti tawa ta napudot. ― I opened the window because it is hot.

   Aramidekto dayta no bigat. ― I'll do that tomorrow.

2. First-person singular possessive marker; my

   Daytoy ti pamiliak. ― This is my family.

   Annakko dagitoy. ― These are my children.

Usage notes

• When attached to verbs ending with the suffixes -en or -an, the n of the suffix is dropped and the enclitic (in the form -k) is attached.

  ‎lutuen (“to cook”) + ‎-k(o) → ‎lutuek (“I cook”)

  ‎dalusan (“to clean”) + ‎-k(o) → ‎dalusak (“I clean”)

• When attached to the enclitic -(e)n, the pronoun becomes -kon, even if the enclitic is in the form -k.

  Linutok ti ikan. ― I cooked the fish.

  Linutokon ti ikan. ― I already cooked the fish.

• When attached to the negative adverb di, the pronoun becomes -ak.

  Diak inggagara. ― I did not mean it.

• When attached to the verb in (“to go”), the n geminates, and the pronoun becomes -ak.

  Innak kitaen no addadan. ― I'll go check if they are already there.

See also

Ilocano personal pronouns

Person	Number	Absolutive		Ergative	Oblique	Possessive
		Disjunctive	Enclitic	Enclitic3		bági form	kukua form
First	singular	siak	-ak	-ko, -k	kaniak	bagik	kukuak, kuak
	dual	data, sita1	-ta		kaniata, kadata	bagita	kukuata
	plural inclusive	datayo, sitayo1	-tayo, -tay		kaniatayo, kadatayo	bagitayo	kukuatayo
	plural exclusive	dakami, sikami1	-kami, -kam	-mi	kaniami, kadakami	bagimi	kukuami
Second	singular	sika	-ka	-mo, -m	kaniam, kenka	bagim	kukuam
	plural	dakayo, sikayo1	-kayo, -kay	-yo	kaniayo, kadakayo	bagiyo	kukuayo
Third	singular	isu, isuna	Ø2	-na	kaniana, kenkuana	bagina	kukuana
	plural	isuda	-da		kaniada, kadakuada	bagida	kukuada
1Regional variants. 2Null morpheme. There is no absolutive enclitic for the third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives isu or isuna may also be used. 3Ergative enclitics are also used as possessive markers.
Fused enclitics Actor Patient siak data datayo dakami sika dakayo isu5 isuda siak bagik4 — — — -ka -kayo -ko, -k -ko ida, -k ida data — bagita4 — — — — -ta -ta ida datayo — — bagitayo4 — — — -tayo -tayo ida dakami — — — bagimi4 -daka -dakayo -mi -mi ida sika -nak — — -nakami bagim4 — -mo, -m -mo ida, -m ida dakayo -dak -data — -dakami — bagiyo4 -yo -yo ida isu -nak -nata -natayo -nakami -naka -nakayo bagina4, -na -na ida isuda -dak -data -datayo -dakami -daka -dakayo -da bagida4, -da ida 4Reflexive pronouns use the bagí form. 5 isu or isuna may also be added after the enclitics in this column.

Ingrian

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-ko/, [-ko̞]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-ko/, [-ko̞]

Particle

-ko (front-vowel variant -kö)

1. Alternative form of -k
   • 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 12:

     Töö-ko meille avita.

     Come help us.

References

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 178

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *-ъko.

Suffix

-ko n

1. added to neuter nouns to form a diminutive

Derived terms

Lower Sorbian terms suffixed with -ko

Makasar

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)kahu, Proto-Austronesian *(i-)kaSu.

Pronoun

-ko (absolutive enclitic, Lontara spelling ᨀᨚ)

1. you (familiar second person singualr and plural)

See also

Makasar free and bound pronouns

	Independent	Absolutive	Nominative	Possessive
1st sg / 1st pl excl	nakke	-a'	ku-	-ku
1st pl excl (archaic)	kambe	-kang	ki-	-mang
1st pl incl / 2nd sg polite	katte	-ki'	ki-	-ta
2nd sg / pl familiar	kau	-ko	nu-	-nu
3rd sg / pl	ia	-i	na-	-na

Murui Huitoto

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [-kɔ]

Classifier

-ko

1. Classifier for objects that give cover.
2. Classifier for spherical containers.

Derived terms

Murui Huitoto terms suffixed with -ko

References

• Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.‎^[1], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), pages 195-196

Nupe

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kó/

Suffix

-kó

1. augmentative suffix; used to form nouns meaning a larger form of something.

   Antonym: -gi

   ‎èsá (“stool”) + ‎-ko → ‎èsákó (“table”)

   ‎yàbà (“banana”) + ‎-ko → ‎yàbàkó (“plantain”)

   ‎ǹdá (“father”) + ‎-ko → ‎ǹdákó (“grandfather”)

   ‎bànban (“river bank”) + ‎-ko → ‎bànbankó (“cliff”)

   ‎tákùn (“rock”) + ‎-ko → ‎tákùnkó (“large rock”)

2. Used to form a nominalised and superlative form of verbs.

   ‎wáncí (“to be large”) + ‎-ko → ‎wáncíkó (“the largest”)

   ‎pàrà (“to be wide”) + ‎-ko → ‎pàràkó (“the widest”)

Derived terms

Nupe terms suffixed with -ko

Further reading

• Alhaji, Gabra Ibrahim A Morphological Analysis of Nouns and Adjectives In The Nupe Language, 2012

Old Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-kъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /kɔ/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /kɔ/

Suffix

-ko n

1. diminutive suffix for neuter nouns; may cause various vowel shifts

Derived terms

Old Polish terms suffixed with -ko

Polish

Alternative forms

• -ka, -ek

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish -ko.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɔ/

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Syllabification: ko

Suffix

-ko n

1. diminutive suffix for neuter nouns. May cause various vowel shifts

   ‎słowo + ‎-ko → ‎słówko

Declension

Declension of -ko

	singular	plural
nominative	-ko	-ka
genitive	-ka	-k/-ek
dative	-ku	-kom
accusative	-ko	-ka
instrumental	-kiem	-kami
locative	-ku	-kach
vocative	-ko	-ka

Derived terms

Polish terms suffixed with -ko

Serbo-Croatian

Suffix

-ko (Cyrillic spelling -ко)

1. Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, most likely to make diminutive. Usually used to make names, or nicknames denoting a negative feature.

   ‎dar + ‎-ko → ‎Darko

   ‎Jano + ‎-ko → ‎Janko

   ‎debeo + ‎-ko → ‎debeljko (“fatty (meant as an insult)”)

Slovak

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɔ/

Suffix

-ko n

1. diminutive suffix for neuter nouns

Declension

Declension of -ko

	singular	plural
nominative	-ko	-ká, -ka
genitive	-ka	-iek, -ok
dative	-ku	-kám, -kam
accusative	-ko	-ká, -ka
locative	-ku	-kách, -kach
instrumental	-kom	-kami

Derived terms

Slovak terms suffixed with -ko

Swahili

Suffix

-ko

1. ku class_(XVII) relative marker, where

   Sijui wanakotoka. ― I do not know where they come from.

See also

Swahili verbal concords (third person)

Class	Subject concord		Object concord	Relative
	affirmative	negative
m(I)	a-, yu-	ha-, hayu-	-m-, -mw-, -mu-	-ye
wa(II)	wa-	hawa-	-wa-	-o
m(III)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
mi(IV)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
ji(V)	li-	hali-	-li-	-lo
ma(VI)	ya-	haya-	-ya-	-yo
ki(VII)	ki-	haki-	-ki-	-cho
vi(VIII)	vi-	havi-	-vi-	-vyo
n(IX)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
n(X)	zi-	hazi-	-zi-	-zo
u(XI)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
ku(XV/XVII)	ku-	haku-	-ku-	-ko
pa(XVI)	pa-	hapa-	-pa-	-po
mu(XVIII)	m-, mw-, mu-	ham-, hamw-, hamu-	-mu-	-mo
For a full table including first and second person, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns.