Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/siŋir

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Possibly related to Proto-Mongolic *sindasun (“sinew”), whence also Mongolian шандас (šandas). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*siŋir

1. sinew

   Synonym: *taram

Declension

Declension of *siŋir

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*siŋir
Accusative	*siŋirni, *siŋirig 4), *siŋirnig 1)
Genitive	*siŋirniŋ
Dative	*siŋirke
Locative	*siŋirte
Ablative	*siŋirten
Allative	*siŋirgerü
Instrumental 2)	*siŋirin
Equative 2)	*siŋirče
Similative 2)	*siŋirleyü
Comitative 2)	*siŋirligü

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: шӑнӑр (šănăr)
• Common Turkic:

• Proto-Oghuz: *siŋir
  • West Oghuz:
    • Azerbaijani: sinir
    • Ottoman Turkish: سڭیر (siŋir), سݣر (siñir), سینیر (sinir)
      • Turkish: sinir
      • → Armenian: սինիր (sinir)
  • East Oghuz:
    • Turkmen: siňir
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: سِنکِرْ (siŋir)
    • Uyghur: سىڭىر (si'ngir)
    • Uzbek: singir
• Kipchak:
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: һеңер (heñer)
    • Tatar: сеңер (señer)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: siñir
    • Karachay-Balkar: сингир (siñir)
    • Kumyk: сингир (siñir)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Nogai: синъир (siñir)
    • Kazakh: сіңір (sıñır)
  • East Kipchak:
    • Kyrgyz: сиңир (siŋir)
    • Southern Altai: сиҥир (siŋir)
      • Teleut: сиңир (siŋir)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: [script needed] (siŋir)
  • North Siberian:
    • Dolgan: иҥиир (iñiir)
    • Yakut: иҥиир (iñiir)
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan:
      • Tofa: сиир (siir)
      • Tuvan: сиир (siir)
    • Yeniseian:
      • Khakas: сиир (siir)

References

• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 841
• Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 423
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*siŋir”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, page 264