Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/tamga

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Probably from *tam- (“to burn, to kindle, to ignite”) +‎ *-ga

Noun

*tamga (Common Turkic)

1. brand (mark of ownership put on horses or cattle)
2. seal
3. tamga

Declension

Declension of *tamga (Common Turkic)

	singular	plural2)
nominative	*tamga	*tamgalar
accusative
genitive	*tamganïŋ	*tamgalarnïŋ
dative	*tamgaka	*tamgalarka
locative	*tamgada	*tamgalarda
ablative	*tamgadan	*tamgalardan
instrumental1)		*tamgalarïn
equative1)	*tamgača	*tamgalarča

¹⁾The original instrumental and equative cases have fallen into disuse in many Common Turkic languages.
²⁾This plural suffix is used only on Common Turkic, and not in Oghur. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

• Karluk
  • Karakhanid: تَمْغا
    • Chagatai: تمغا
      • Uzbek: tamg'a
      • Uyghur: تامغا (tamgha)
      • → Tibetan: ཐམ་ཀ (tham ka)
      • → Persian: تمغا (tamğâ) (or from Oghuz)
        • → Hindustani:

          Hindi: तमग़ा (tamġā)

          Urdu: تمغا, تمغہ

        • → Punjabi: ਤਮਗ਼ਾ (tamġā)
• → Proto-Mongolic: *tamaga
  • East Yugur: taŋġwa
  • Mongolian: тамга (tamga)
• Kipchak:
  • East Kipchak:
    • Kyrgyz: тамга (tamga)
    • Southern Altai: таҥма (taŋma)
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: тамға (tamğa)
    • Tatar: тамга (tamga)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Kazakh: таңба (tañba)
    • Karakalpak: тамға
    • Nogai: тамга (tamga)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: tamğa
    • Kumyk: дамгъа (damğa)
      • → Avar: дамгъа (damğa)
      • → Dargwa: дамгъа (damγa)
    • Karachay-Balkar: тамгъа (tamğa)
    • → Ossetian: дамгъӕ (damǧæ)
  • →? Chuvash: тумха (tumh̬a), тӑмха (tămh̬a) (unless inherited independently)
  • → Bulgarian: тамга (tamga)
  • → Old East Slavic: тамъга (tamŭga, “stigma”)
    • Russian: тамга́ (tamgá)
    • ⇒ Russian: таможня (tamožnja)
• Oghuz:
  • Turkmen: tagma
  • Old Anatolian Turkish:
    • Azerbaijani: damğa
      • → Armenian: դաղմա (daġma), դամղա (damġa) (Karabakh)
      • → Lak: ттангъа (t:anğa)
      • → Lezgi: тагъма (taġma), тӏамгъа (ṭamġa) (or perhaps from Kumyk)
      • → Udi: дамгъа (damɣa)
    • Ottoman Turkish: تمغا (tamga), طمغا (tamga, damga), طمغه (tamga, damga), طامغه (tamga, damga), دامغه (damga), دمغه (damga)
      • Gagauz: damga, tamga
      • Turkish: damga
      • → Arabic: دَمْغَة (damḡa)
      • → Bulgarian: дамга́ (damgá)
      • → Georgian: დამღა (damɣa) (or from Azerbaijani)
      • → Middle Armenian: տամղա (tamġa)
        • Armenian: տամղա (tamġa), դամկա (damka), թամղա (tʻamġa)
      • → Romanian: danga
      • → Macedonian: дамка (damka)
      • → Serbo-Croatian:

        Cyrillic script: да̏нга

        Latin script: dȁnga

• Siberian Turkic:
  • Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰢𐰍𐰀, 𐱃𐰀𐰢𐰴𐰀 (tamγa, tamqa)
    • Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tamγa, “stamp, imprint; sign”)
    • → English: tamga (learned)
  • Sayan
    • Tofa: таӈма, даӈма
    • Tuvan: таңма (tañma)
  • Yenisei:
    • Shor: таңма
    • Khakas: таңма (tañma)

References

• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “tamğa:”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pages 504-505