Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swarmijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *swarmaz (“swarm”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈswɑr.mi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*swarmijaną

1. to swarm

Inflection

Conjugation of *swarmijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*swarmijō	*swarmijaų	—	*swarmijai	?
2nd singular	*swarmīsi	*swarmijais	*swarmī	*swarmijasai	*swarmijaisau
3rd singular	*swarmīþi	*swarmijai	*swarmijaþau	*swarmijaþai	*swarmijaiþau
1st dual	*swarmijōs	*swarmijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*swarmijaþiz	*swarmijaiþiz	*swarmijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*swarmijamaz	*swarmijaim	—	*swarmijanþai	*swarmijainþau
2nd plural	*swarmīþ	*swarmijaiþ	*swarmīþ	*swarmijanþai	*swarmijainþau
3rd plural	*swarmijanþi	*swarmijain	*swarmijanþau	*swarmijanþai	*swarmijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*swarmidǭ	*swarmidēdį̄
2nd singular	*swarmidēz	*swarmidēdīz
3rd singular	*swarmidē	*swarmidēdī
1st dual	*swarmidēdū	*swarmidēdīw
2nd dual	*swarmidēdudiz	*swarmidēdīdiz
1st plural	*swarmidēdum	*swarmidēdīm
2nd plural	*swarmidēdud	*swarmidēdīd
3rd plural	*swarmidēdun	*swarmidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*swarmijandz	*swarmidaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *swarmijan
  • Old English: swierman
    • Middle English: swarmen, swermen, swarmyn
      • English: swarm
      • Scots: swairm
  • Old Saxon: *swermian
    • Middle Low German: swermen
  • Old Dutch: *swermen
    • Middle Dutch: swermen, swarmen
      • Dutch: zwermen
  • Old High German: swermen
    • Middle High German: swermen
      • German: schwärmen
• Old Norse: *sverma
  • Icelandic: sverma
  • Norwegian:

    Norwegian Bokmål: sverme

    Norwegian Nynorsk: sverme, sverma

  • Swedish: svärma
  • Danish: sværme