Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/suH-

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Alternative reconstructions[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Has been suggested to derive from *sewH- (“to give birth”) if the original meaning was “sow”.[1][2]

Possibly related to Akkadian 𒊺𒄷𒌑 (še-hu-u₂, “pig”) (Old Babylonian šahû), which may be an Indo-European borrowing, as well as Sumerian 𒋚 (šah), 𒂄 (šaḫ) and 𒍢𒄴 (ze₂-eh).[3][4]

Noun[edit]

*suH-

  1. pig, hog, swine

Inflection[edit]

Possibly:[1][5]

Athematic, acrostatic
singular
nominative *súHs
genitive *suHés
singular dual plural
nominative *súHs *súHh₁(e) *súHes
vocative *súH *súHh₁(e) *súHes
accusative *súHm̥ *súHh₁(e) *súHm̥s
genitive *suHés *? *suHóHom
ablative *suHés *? *suHmós
dative *suHéy *? *suHmós
locative *suHé, *suHéy *? *suHsú
instrumental *suHéh₁ *? *suHmís

Alternative forms[edit]

  • ? *suH-ḗn
  • *súH-ō

Reconstruction notes[edit]

  • It is conspicuous that the root only occurs in the zero-grade.
  • Descendants in several branches, including at least Germanic *sugō and Celtic *sukkos and their descendants, show no trace of the laryngeal where it would be expected, while these two also show a suffix with a velar stop.[5][6] There are several potential explanations for these forms, but currently little consensus; Kroonen[7] explains the *-g- of the former as resulting from inner-Germanic sound laws that occurred independently in North and West Germanic from the original accusative *suwun. See more at Latin sucula and Ancient Greek σῠβώτης (subṓtēs).

Derived terms[edit]

  • *suH-iHno-s (attributive adjective)[8]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swī́ˀnas
      • Latvian: svīns (“dirty”)
      • ⇒ Old Prussian: seweynis (“pigsty”) (or < *suH-eyno-s?[1])
      • Proto-Slavic: *svinъ (see there for further descendants)
        • ⇒ *svinьja (noun) (or < *suH-iHn-ih₂[1]) (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *swīną (noun) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *súīnos
    • Proto-Italic: *sūīnos
      • Latin: suīnus (see there for further descendants)
  • *suH-kó-
    • >? Proto-Celtic: *sukkos (< *su(H)k-kós?; or perhaps borrowed from another language[6]) (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *sugō f (< *su(H)k-éh₂?; or *suwu-:[7] see second reconstruction note)
      • Proto-West Germanic: *sugu (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suHkás
      • Proto-Iranian: *huHkáh (see Proto-Indo-Iranian *suH- for further descendants)
    • ⇒? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suHkarás
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *suHkarás
        • >? Sanskrit: सूकर (sūkará) (may be a compound formed in Sanskrit[5]) (see there for further descendants)
  • Unsorted formations:

Descendants[edit]

  • Proto-Albanian: *sūs[9]
  • ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sū́ˀēnas (< *suH-en- or independently derived in Baltic from unrepresented *sū́ˀs)
  • Proto-Germanic: *sūz (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *hūs, *sūs
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *suH- (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *sūs[2]
    • Latin: sūs (see there for further descendants)
    • Umbrian: sif
  • ⇒ Proto-Tocharian: (< *suw-on-)[12]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “1. *suH-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 683–686
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “sūs, sŭis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 603
  3. ^ Clackson, James (2002) Indo-European Word Formation: Proceedings from the International Conference, p. 387–388
  4. ^ Whittaker, Gordon (2008) “The Case for Euphratic”, in Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences‎[1], volume 2, number 3, pages 156–168.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kroonen, Guus (2011) “Neuniederländisch zeug ‚Sau‘ und spugen ‚speien‘: zwei Beispiele der westgermanischen Velarisierung? [Modern Dutch zeug ‘pig’ and spugen ‘spit’: two examples of West Germanic velarization?]”, in Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik [Amsterdam Contributions to Older Germanic Studies] (in German), volume 67, Amsterdam: Rodopi N.V. Koninklijke Brill, →ISSN, section 3, pages 149–161
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*sukko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 359
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*sū-, *suw-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 490
  8. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*svinъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 477
  9. ^ Demiraj, B. (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎[2] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 226
  10. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “σῦς, συός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1425
  11. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὗς, ὑός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1537
  12. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “suwo”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 763
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