User:RcAlex36/Zhuang
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Phonology[edit]
Standard Zhuang[edit]
Initials[edit]
IPA | Transcription | Notes |
---|---|---|
/p/ | b | |
/pʲ/ | by | |
/ɓ/ | mb | |
/m/ | m | |
/mʲ/ | my | |
/f/ | f | |
/w/ | v | or /v/ |
/t/ | d | |
/ɗ/ | nd | |
/n/ | n | |
/θ/ | s | |
/l/ | l | |
/ɕ/ | c | |
/j/ | y | |
/ɲ/ | ny | |
/k/ | g | |
/kʲ/ | gy | |
/kʷ/ | gv | |
/ŋ/ | ng | |
/ŋʷ/ | ngv | |
/ɣ/ | r | |
/ʔ/ | / | |
/h/ | h |
Finals[edit]
a /aː/ | e /eː/ | i /iː/ | o /oː/ | u /uː/ | w /ɯː/ | |||||
ai /aːi/ | ae /ai/ | ei /ei/ | oi /oːi/ | ui /uːi/ | wi /ɯːi/ | |||||
au /aːu/ | aeu /au/ | eu /eːu/ | iu /iːu/ | ou /ou/ | ||||||
aw /aɯ/ | ||||||||||
am /aːm/ | aem /am/ | em /eːm/ | iem /iːm/ | im /im/ | om /oːm/ | oem /om/ | uem /uːm/ | um /um/ | ||
an /aːn/ | aen /an/ | en /eːn/ | ien /iːn/ | in /in/ | on /oːn/ | oen /on/ | uen /uːn/ | un /un/ | wen /ɯːn/ | wn /ɯn/ |
ang /aːŋ/ | aeng /aŋ/ | eng /eːŋ/ | ieng /iːŋ/ | ing /iŋ/ | ong /oːŋ/ | oeng /oŋ/ | ueng /uːŋ/ | ung /uŋ/ | wng /ɯŋ/ | |
ap /aːp/ | aep /ap/ | ep /eːp/ | iep /iːp/ | ip /ip/ | op /oːp/ | oep /op/ | uep /uːp/ | up /up/ | ||
at /aːt/ | aet /at/ | et /eːt/ | iet /iːt/ | it /it/ | ot /oːt/ | oet /ot/ | uet /uːt/ | ut /ut/ | wet /ɯːt/ | wt /ɯt/ |
ak /aːk/ | aek /ak/ | ek /eːk/ | iek /iːk/ | ik /ik/ | ok /oːk/ | oek /ok/ | uek /uːk/ | uk /uk/ | wk /ɯk/ |
Tones[edit]
Tone | Tone value | Transcription | Corresponding Chinese tone | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 24 | 陰平 | ||
2 | 21 | z | 陽平 | |
3 | 55 | j | 陰上 | |
4 | 42 | x | 陽上 | |
5 | 35 | q | 陰去 | |
6 | 33 | h | 陽去 | |
7a | 55 | (p, t, k) | 上陰入 | short vowel |
7b | 35 | (p, t, k) | 下陰入 | long vowel |
8 | 33 | (b, d, g) | 陽入 |
Wuming dialect[edit]
Initials[edit]
IPA | Transcription | Notes |
---|---|---|
/p/ | b | |
/pl/ | by | |
/ɓ/ | mb | |
/m/ | m | |
/ml/ | my | |
/f/ | f | |
/w/ | v | or /v/ |
/ʔw/ | v | or /ʔv/ |
/t/ | d | |
/ɗ/ | nd | |
/n/ | n | |
/θ/ | s | |
/l/ | l | |
/ɕ/ | c | |
/j/ | y | |
/k/ | g | |
/kl/ | gy | |
/kʷ/ | gv | |
/ŋ/ | ng | |
/ɣ/ | r | |
/ʔ/ | / | |
/h/ | h |
Finals[edit]
a /aː/ | e /eː/ | i /iː/ | o /oː/ | u /uː/ | w /ɯː/ | |||||
ai /aːi/ | ae /ai/ | oi /oːi/ | ui /uːi/ | wi /ɯːi/ | ||||||
au /aːu/ | aeu /au/ | eu /eːu/ | iu /iːu/ | |||||||
aw /aɯ/ | ||||||||||
am /aːm/ | aem /am/ | em /eːm/ | iem /iːm/ | im /im/ | om /oːm/ | oem /om/ | uem /uːm/ | um /um/ | ||
an /aːn/ | aen /an/ | en /eːn/ | ien /iːn/ | in /in/ | on /oːn/ | oen /on/ | uen /uːn/ | un /un/ | wen /ɯːn/ | wn /ɯn/ |
ang /aːŋ/ | aeng /aŋ/ | eng /eːŋ/ | ieng /iːŋ/ | ing /iŋ/ | ong /oːŋ/ | oeng /oŋ/ | ueng /uːŋ/ | ung /uŋ/ | ieng /ɯːŋ/ | wng /ɯŋ/ |
ap /aːp/ | aep /ap/ | ep /eːp/ | iep /iːp/ | ip /ip/ | op /oːp/ | oep /op/ | uep /uːp/ | up /up/ | ||
at /aːt/ | aet /at/ | et /eːt/ | iet /iːt/ | it /it/ | ot /oːt/ | oet /ot/ | uet /uːt/ | ut /ut/ | wet /ɯːt/ | wt /ɯt/ |
ak /aːk/ | aek /ak/ | ek /eːk/ | iek /iːk/ | ik /ik/ | ok /oːk/ | oek /ok/ | uek /uːk/ | uk /uk/ | iek /ɯːk/ | wk /ɯk/ |
Li Fang-Kuei notation[edit]
a /a/ | e /e/ | i /i/ | o /ø/ | u /u/ | w /ɯ/ | |||||
ai /ai/ | ae /ɑi/ | ei /oi/ | oi /øi/ | ui /ui/ | wi /ɯi/ | |||||
au /au/ | aeu /ɑu/ | eu /eu/ | iu /iɑu/ | iu /iu/ | ||||||
aw /ɑɯ/ | ||||||||||
am /am/ | aem /ɑm/ | em /em/ | iem /iɑm/ | im /im/ | om /øm/ | oem /om/ | uem /uɑm/ | um /um/ | ||
an /an/ | aen /ɑn/ | en /en/ | ien /iɑn/ | in /in/ | on /øn/ | oen /on/ | uen /uɑn/ | un /un/ | wen /ɯɑn/ | wn /ɯn/ |
ang /aŋ/ | aeng /ɑŋ/ | eng /eŋ/ | ieng /iɑŋ/ | ing /iŋ/ | ong /øŋ/ | oeng /oŋ/ | ueng /uɑŋ/ | ung /uŋ/ | ieng /ɯɑŋ/ | wng /ɯŋ/ |
ap /ap/ | aep /ɑp/ | ep /ep/ | iep /iɑp/ | ip /ip/ | op /øp/ | oep /op/ | up /up/ | |||
at /at/ | aet /ɑt/ | et /et/ | iet /iɑt/ | it /it/ | ot /øt/ | oet /ot/ | uet /uɑt/ | ut /ut/ | wet /ɯɑt/ | wt /ɯt/ |
ak /ak/ | aek /ɑk/ | ek /ek/ | iek /iɑk/ | ik /ik/ | ok /øk/ | oek /ok/ | uek /uɑk/ | uk /uk/ | iek /ɯɑk/ | wk /ɯk/ |
Tones[edit]
Tone | Tone value | Transcription | Corresponding Chinese tone | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 24 | 陰平 | ||
2 | 21 | z | 陽平 | |
3 | 55 | j | 陰上 | |
4 | 42 | x | 陽上 | |
5 | 35 | q | 陰去 | |
6 | 33 | h | 陽去 | |
7a | 55 | (p, t, k) | 上陰入 | short vowel |
7b | 35 | (p, t, k) | 下陰入 | long vowel |
55 | (p, t, k) | long vowel (Chinese loans) | ||
8 | 33 | (b, d, g) | 陽入 | long vowel |
42 | (b, d, g) | long vowel (Chinese loans) |
Longzhou dialect[edit]
Initials[edit]
IPA | Transcription | Notes |
---|---|---|
/p/ | b | |
/pʲ/ | by | |
/pʰ/ | p | |
/pʰʲ/ | py | |
/ɓ/ | mb | |
/ɓʲ/ | mby | |
/m/ | m | |
/mʲ/ | my | |
/f/ | f | |
/w/ | v | |
/t/ | d | |
/tʲ/ | dy | Chinese loanwords only |
/tʰ/ | t | |
/tʰʲ/ | ty | Chinese loanwords only |
/ɗ/ | nd | |
/n/ | n | |
/ɬ/ | lh | |
/ɬʲ/ | lhy | Chinese loanwords only |
/l/ | l | |
/lʲ/ | ly | Chinese loanwords only |
/ts/ | z | |
/s/ | s | |
/ɲ/ | ny | |
/j/ | y | |
/k/ | g | |
/kʲ/ | gy | |
/kʷ/ | gv | |
/kʰ/ | k | |
/kʰʲ/ | ky | |
/kʰʷ/ | kv | |
/ŋ/ | ng | |
/ŋʷ/ | ngv | |
/ʔ/ | / | |
/h/ | h | |
/hʲ/ | hy | Chinese loanwords only |
Finals[edit]
Tones[edit]
Tone | Tone value | Transcription | Corresponding Chinese tone | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhang et al. (1999) | Li et al. (2006) | ||||
1 | 33 | 44 | 陰平 | ||
2 | 21 | 42 | z | 陽平 | |
3 | 24 | 35 | j | 陰上 | |
4 | 32 | 42 | x | 陽上 | |
5 | 55 | 354 | q | 陰去 | |
6 | 11 | 31 | h | 陽去 | |
7 | 55 | 35 | 陰入 | short or long vowel | |
8 | 11 | 31 | 陽入 | short or long vowel | |
10 | 32 | (31) | 陽入 | short vowel | |
32 | (31) | 陽入 | long vowel (Chinese loans only?) |
Note: Tone 8 and Tone 10 do not appear to be phonemically contrastive (Li et al., 2006) and should be considered one single phonemic tone.
References[edit]
- 广西区语委研究室 (1994). 壮语方言土语音系. 广西民族出版社.
- 张均如, 梁敏, 欧阳觉亚, 郑贻青, 李旭练, 谢建猷. (1999). 壮语方言研究. Chengdu: 四川民族出版社.
- 中央学院少数民族语言研究所第五研究室 (1985). 壮侗语族语言词汇集. Beijing: 中央民族学院出版社.
- Li, Hongyan; Lan, Qingyuan; Kong Jiangping. (2006). 壮语龙州话声调的声学分析 (A Phonetic Study on Tones in Longzhou Speech). 民族语文 (Minority Languages of China): 6, 39-46.