crynu

Welsh

Etymology

Cognate with Cornish krena, kerna, Middle Breton crenaff (modern Breton krenañ), Old Irish ara·chrin. From Proto-Celtic *kriniti, from Proto-Indo-European *krey-.

Pronunciation

• (North Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈkrənɨ̞/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈkrəni/
• Rhymes: -ənɨ̞

Verb

crynu (first-person singular present crynaf) (transitive, intransitive)

1. to tremble, quake, shiver, shudder
2. to shake, brandish
3. to vibrate
4. to quaver
5. to gnash
6. to twinkle

Conjugation

Conjugation (literary)

	singular			plural			impersonal
	first	second	third	first	second	third
present indicative/future	crynaf	cryni	crŷn, cryna	crynwn	crynwch	crynant	crynir
imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional	crynwn	crynit	crynai	crynem	crynech	crynent	crynid
preterite	crynais	crynaist	crynodd	crynasom	crynasoch	crynasant	crynwyd
pluperfect	crynaswn	crynasit	crynasai	crynasem	crynasech	crynasent	crynasid, crynesid
present subjunctive	crynwyf	crynych	cryno	crynom	crynoch	crynont	cryner
imperative	—	cryna	cryned	crynwn	crynwch	crynent	cryner
verbal noun	crynu
verbal adjectives	crynedig crynadwy

Conjugation (colloquial)

Inflected colloquial forms	singular			plural
	first	second	third	first	second	third
future	cryna i, crynaf i	cryni di	crynith o/e/hi, cryniff e/hi	crynwn ni	crynwch chi	crynan nhw
conditional	crynwn i, crynswn i	crynet ti, crynset ti	crynai fo/fe/hi, crynsai fo/fe/hi	crynen ni, crynsen ni	crynech chi, crynsech chi	crynen nhw, crynsen nhw
preterite	crynais i, crynes i	crynaist ti, crynest ti	crynodd o/e/hi	crynon ni	crynoch chi	crynon nhw
imperative	—	cryna	—	—	crynwch	—
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.

Related terms

• crŷn m (“the action or process of trembling, a shivering, a quaking”)
• cryniadur
• Crynwr m (“Quaker”)
• dirgrynu (“to tremble violently, quake, vibrate, convulse, tremble with fear, be afraid; to shake”)

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
crynu	grynu	nghrynu	chrynu
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “crynu”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies