Appendix:Old Irish class A I present verbs

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Old Irish class A I verbs (Strachan's B1, McCone's W1) are derived from Proto-Celtic verbs ending in *-āti, which are derived from Proto-Indo-European verbs ending in *-eh₂yéti and correspond to the Latin first conjugation, Ancient Greek verbs in -άω (-áō), and Germanic class 2 weak verbs in *-ōną. The final consonant of the stem is nonpalatalized throughout, meaning that any consonant-initial endings also start with a nonpalatalized consonant.

See Category:Old Irish class A I present verbs for a list of verbs belonging to this class.

Nondeponent endings

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A sample verb for this class is marbaid (to kill). The endings are as follows:

Present indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
Absolute marbu / marbaim marbai marbaid marbmai marbthae marbait marbthair marbtair
Conjunct ·marbu / ·marbaim ·marbai ·marba ·marbam ·marbaid ·marbat ·marbthar ·marbtar
Relative marbas marbmae marbtae marbthar marbtar
Imperfect indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
·marbainn ·marbtha ·marbad ·marbmais ·marbthae ·marbtais ·marbthae ·marbtais
Imperative
2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
marb marbad marbam marbaid marbat marbthar marbtar

The letter ⟨t⟩ stands for /d/ in all third-person plural and passive plural endings.

See Appendix:Old Irish delenition for the change of ending-initial ⟨th⟩ to ⟨t⟩ after certain consonants.

In some cases, a vowel is inserted (historically speaking, fails to be deleted) before consonant-initial endings. This vowel is found especially after stems ending in a consonant cluster that cannot be followed by a third consonant, and after stems ending in one of the dental obstruents /t d θ ð/, but it also sometimes found in other cases. When this vowel appears, the initial consonant of the ending is in most cases palatalized. In addition, a consonant cluster that cannot end a word is broken up by an epenthetic vowel in the second-person singular imperative. An example is láthraid (to arrange):

Present indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
Absolute láthru / láthraim láthrai láthraid láthraimmi láthraithe láthrait láthraithir láthraitir
Conjunct ·láthru / ·láthraim ·láthrai ·láthra ·láthram ·láthraid ·láthrat ·láthrathar ·láthratar
Relative láthras láthraimme láthraite láthrathar láthratar
Imperfect indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
·láthrainn ·láthratha ·láthrad ·láthraimmis ·láthraithe ·láthraitis ·láthraithe ·láthraitis
Imperative
2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
láthar láthrad láthram láthraid láthrat láthrathar láthratar

Deponent endings

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A sample verb for this class is molaidir (to praise). The endings are as follows:

Present indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
Absolute* molur molthar molthair molmair molthae moltair molthair moltair
Conjunct ·molur ·molthar ·molthar ·molmar ·molaid ·moltar ·molthar ·moltar
Relative molthar molmar moltar molthar moltar
*In practice, A I deponent verbs almost always use nondeponent endings in the absolute inflection.
Imperfect indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
·molainn ·moltha ·molad ·molmais ·molthae ·moltais ·molthae ·moltais
Imperative
2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
molthae molad molam molaid moltar molthar moltar

Here again, certain consonant clusters take a vowel before consonant-initial endings, e.g. labraithir (to speak):

Present indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
Absolute* labrur labraither labraithir labraimmir labraithe labraitir labraithir labraitir
Conjunct ·labrur ·labraither ·labrathar ·labrammar ·labraid ·labratar ·labrathar ·labratar
Relative labrathar labrammar labratar labrathar labratar
*In practice, A I deponent verbs almost always use nondeponent endings in the absolute inflection.
Imperfect indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
·labrainn ·labratha ·labrad ·labraimmis ·labraithe ·labraitis ·labraithe ·labraitis
Imperative
2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
labraithe labrad labram labraid labratar labrathar labratar

Further reading

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