Appendix:Old Irish class B IV present verbs

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Old Irish class B IV verbs (Strachan's A2; McCone's S3 with e vocalism) are derived from Proto-Celtic verbs ending in *-nati, from Proto-Indo-European athematic verbs with a nasal infix before a laryngeal (singular *-né-H-ti, plural *-n-H-énti). They correspond to Ancient Greek verbs ending in -νημι (-nēmi) and to Sanskrit class 9 verbs (e.g. क्रीणाति (krīṇāti, to buy), which corresponds exactly to Old Irish crenaid (to buy)). The stem-final n is always non-palatalized, and exists only in the present stem; there is no n in the future, subjunctive, or preterite stems of these verbs.

The inflection is almost identical to that of class B I, subtype S1c (canaid type) except that the n remains nonpalatalized even when word-final and B IV shares the first-person singular absolute and conjunct -aim and the second-person singular conjunct -ai with the weak verbs.

Basic pattern

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A sample verb of this subclass is benaid (to strike). The endings are as follows (note that several of the endings are delenited after the root-final n):

Present indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
Absolute benaim benai benaid benmai bentae benait benair bentair
Conjunct ·benaim* ·benai ·ben ·benam ·ben[a]id ·benat ·benar ·bentar
Relative benas benmae bentae benar bentar
*The strong form (endingless with u-affection) is found in for·fiun from for·fen.
Imperfect indicative
1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
·benainn ·benta ·benad ·benmais ·bentae ·bentais ·bentae ·bentais
Imperative
2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive singular Passive plural
ben benad benam benaid benat benar bentar

Further reading

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