Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gamalaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain, but often derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰyem- (in o-grade *ǵʰyom- with loss of -y-) and cognate with Latin hiems (“winter”). Alternatively, it is an old compound, *ḱom-h₂el-o, related to *aldaz (“old”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɣɑ.mɑ.lɑz/

Adjective

*gamalaz

1. old, weak

   Synonym: *aldaz

Inflection

Declension of *gamalaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*gamalaz	*gamalai	*gamalō	*gamalôz	*gamalą, -atō	*gamalō
Accusative	*gamalanǭ	*gamalanz	*gamalǭ	*gamalōz	*gamalą, -atō	*gamalō
Genitive	*gamalas, -is	*gamalaizǫ̂	*gamalaizōz	*gamalaizǫ̂	*gamalas, -is	*gamalaizǫ̂
Dative	*gamalammai	*gamalaimaz	*gamalaizōi	*gamalaimaz	*gamalammai	*gamalaimaz
Instrumental	*gamalanō	*gamalaimiz	*gamalaizō	*gamalaimiz	*gamalanō	*gamalaimiz
Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*gamalô	*gamalaniz	*gamalǭ	*gamalōniz	*gamalô	*gamalōnō
Accusative	*gamalanų	*gamalanunz	*gamalōnų	*gamalōnunz	*gamalô	*gamalōnō
Genitive	*gamaliniz	*gamalanǫ̂	*gamalōniz	*gamalōnǫ̂	*gamaliniz	*gamalanǫ̂
Dative	*gamalini	*gamalammaz	*gamalōni	*gamalōmaz	*gamalini	*gamalammaz
Instrumental	*gamalinē	*gamalammiz	*gamalōnē	*gamalōmiz	*gamalinē	*gamalammiz

Derived terms

• *gamalōną

Related terms

• *gimrį̄

Descendants

• Old English: gamol, gomel, gomol
• Old Frisian: *gamel
  • Saterland Frisian: gammel
• Old Saxon: *gamal
  • Middle Low German: *gammel
    • ⇒ Low German: gammlig
      • → German: gammelig
    • → Dutch: gammel
• Old Dutch: *gamal
  • Middle Dutch: gamel
    • Dutch: gamel (dialectal)
• Old High German: gamal (only in names)
• Old Norse: gamall
  • Icelandic: gamall
  • Faroese: gamal
  • Elfdalian: gåmål
  • Norn: gammel
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: gamal, gammal, gamall
    • → Norwegian Bokmål: gammal
  • Norwegian: gammalle, gåmål, gåmæⁱll, gabmal, gamadle (dialectal)
  • Old Swedish: gamal
    • Swedish: gammal
  • Danish: gammel
    • Norwegian Bokmål: gammel
  • Gutnish: gammel, gamal

References

• Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon — Íslensk orðsifjabók, (1989). Reykjavík, Orðabók Háskólans. (Available on Málið.is under the “Eldra mál” tab.)