Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/warj-

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This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

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Etymology

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From Proto-Indo-Iranian *warȷ́-, from Proto-Indo-European *werǵ-.

Verb

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*warj-

  1. to do
  2. to work
  3. to till the land

Descendants

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  • Eastern Iranian:
    • Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰- (vərəz-, to do, work)
    • Bactrian: οαρζιαο (oarziao), οαρζοιαο (oarzoiao, farming)
    • Khwarezmian: [script needed] (mwžy-, to employ, use; to exert oneself)
    • Khotanese: 𐨬𐨫𐨁𐨯𐨿 (valys-, to work, cause) as a second component of 𐨗𐨿𐨯𐨙𐨆𐨌𐨫𐨿𐨩𐨿𐨯 (jsañaulysa-, causing death)
    • Sogdian: 𐫇𐫡𐫉 (wrz /⁠warz⁠/, miracle, magic) (possibly borrowed from Middle Persian)
    • Yagnobi: [script needed] (warzón-/warzónta, to cultivate the land)
  • Western Iranian:
    • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Southwestern Iranian:
      • → Middle Persian:
        Manichaean: 𐫇𐫡𐫝 (wrc /⁠warz⁠/), 𐫇𐫡𐫉 (wrz /⁠warz⁠/, miraculous power; miracle)
        Book Pahlavi: [script needed] (wlcytn' /⁠warzīdan⁠/, to work, act, practise; to till; to beget), [script needed] (wlc /⁠warz⁠/, work, agriculture; miraculous power; miracle)
        • Aghwan: 𐔱𐕒𐕙𐔵 (borz, work)
        • Persian: ورزیدن (varzidan), ورز (varz), ورزه (varza), برز (barz)
          • Tajik: варзидан (varzidan), варз (varz), варза (varza)
          • Classical Mandaic: [script needed] (warza, crops, sown field, tilled ground, land, cultivation)
          • Classical Syriac: ܒܪܙܐ (barzāʾ, sown field)
          • → Kurdish:
            Northern Kurdish: werz (tilled and sowed field; season) (could equally be inherited)
      • Old Persian: [Term?] (/⁠vard-⁠/, to work) in 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎺𐎼𐎮𐎡𐎹 (a-r-t-v-r-di-i-y /⁠Artavardiya-⁠/, male given name)
      • Old Armenian: վարդ- (vard-) in վարդապետ (vardapet)

Other formations:

  • Middle Iranian: *varzāk
    • Byzantine Greek: βάρζα (bárza, female harper)
    • Old Armenian: վարձակ (varjak, female singer or dancer)

References

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  • Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 425ff
  • Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004) A Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum; 3.1), Turnhout: Brepols, page 344b
  • Bailey, H. W. (1979) Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 379a
  • Cabolov, R. L. (2010) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ kurdskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Kurdish Language] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Russian Academy Press Vostochnaya Literatura, page 433