Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/tsil

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This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

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Etymology

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  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *tsil (Matisoff, STEDT; Chou, 1972)

Old Chinese (OC *kji, “fat”) possibly derives from this root, although the initials do not match. According to Schuessler (2007), words belonging to (OC *kjiʔ) phonetic series generally show a velar initial in Old Chinese. However, in modern Min varieties they sometimes have multiple reflexes, some of which retain the original velar, while others exhibit a palatalization:

Earliest layers of Min have escaped the first palatalization of velars, dated by Schuessler (2010) to the Western Han period [206 BCE — 9 CE], so it is generally assumed that Proto-Min separated from mainstream Chinese before that time (Baxter-Sagart, 2014: 33). Therefore these multiple reflexes in (OC *kjiʔ) phonetic series suggest that it originally had an initial velar stop, but underwent an early palatalization so early in the Zhou period [1046 BCE — 256 BCE] that it could also be used to write words with dental initials (Schuessler, 2007). This could explain the difficulty in reconstructing the nature of the initial segment of Old Chinese (OC *kji, “fat, grease”).

In Sino-Tibetan languages words meaning “grease, fat” can be reconstructed with the final *-il in PTB, but their initial consonants are not easy to reconcile with the Chinese comparandum, e.g. Tibetan ཚིལ་བུ (tshil bu, grease, fat), Burmese ဆီ (hci, fat, oil), but see also Khmer កន្ឋុល (kɑnthol, fat, obese) (Schuessler, 2007).

Noun

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*tsil

  1. fat, grease
  2. oil

Descendants

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  • Old Chinese: (zhī) /*kij/ (B-S), /*kji/ (ZS) ("fat, grease")
    • Middle Chinese: (zhī) tsyij (/t͡ɕiɪ/) ("fat, grease")
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**:

Japanese:  (, ​shi)
Korean:  (, ji)
Vietnamese: chi, chỉ ()

      • Modern Mandarin
        • Beijing: (zhī, /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/, fat, grease)
      • Yue
        • Cantonese: (/t͡siː⁵⁵/, fat, grease)
    • Min Nan
      • Xiamen: (/t͡ɕi⁴⁴/, fat, grease)
  • Tangut-Qiang
    • Northern Tangut
      • Tangut: 𘙏𘙆 (*tsjọ¹ wiə¹, fat)[2]
      • Qiangic
  • Himalayish
  • Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
    • Lolo-Burmese:
      *tsu¹ (Matisoff, 1978)
      • Loloish:
        *tsi¹ (Bradley, 1979)
        • Yi: (cy, fat person)
      • Burmish
        • Burmese: အဆီ (a.hci /⁠ʔəsʰì⁠/, fat, grease), ဆီ (hci /⁠sʰì⁠/, oil)

Synonyms

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Notes

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  1. ^ The softened initial of Norman's notation is apparently justified by the presence of a loosely attached preinitial in Baxter-Sagart reconstruction, OC *mə.kijʔ.
  2. ^
    • Sofronov, Mikhail Viktorovich (1968) Грамматика тангутского языка [Grammatika tangutskovo jazyka, Grammar of the Tangut Language] (in Russian), character 5007