jfd

Egyptian

Etymology 1

From jfdw (“four”).

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ifɛd/
  • Conventional anglicization: ifed

Noun

 m

1. rectangle

Inflection

Declension of jfd (masculine)

singular	jfd
dual	jfdwj
plural	jfdw

Noun

 m

1. (linen) sheet

Inflection

Declension of jfd (masculine)

singular	jfd
dual	jfdwj
plural	jfdw

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈjaːfatʼ/ → /ˈjaːfatʼ/ → /ˈʔaːfətʼ/ → /ˈʔoːfətʼ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈjaːfatʼ/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈjaːfatʼ/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʔaːfətʼ/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʔoːfətʼ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ifɛd/
  • Conventional anglicization: ifed

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive) to flee

Inflection

Conjugation of jfd (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jfd, geminated stem: jfdd

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
jfd	jfdw, jfd	jfdt	jfd	jfd

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
jfd	ḥr jfd	m jfd	r jfd

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
		aspect / mood	active
perfect	jfd.n	consecutive	jfd.jn
terminative	jfdt
perfective3	jfd	obligative1	jfd.ḫr
imperfective	jfd
prospective3	jfd	potentialis1	jfd.kꜣ
subjunctive	jfd

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
	active	active	passive
perfect	jfd.n	—	—
perfective	jfd	jfd	jfd, jfdw5, jfdy5
imperfective	jfd, jfdy, jfdw5	jfd, jfdj6, jfdy6	jfd, jfdw5
prospective	jfd, jfdtj7	jfdtj4, jfdt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Descendants

• Sahidic Coptic: ⲱϥⲧ (ōft)

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 191.
• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 97