Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wĺ̥kʷos

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *lúkʷos

Etymology

The word *wĺ̥kʷos is a thematic accented zero-grade noun perhaps derived from the adjective *wl̥kʷós (“dangerous”); compare Hittite 𒉿𒀠𒆪𒉿𒀸 (walkuwa-, “something negative”), Old Irish olc (“evil”), Sanskrit अवृक (avṛká, “safe”, literally “not wild”), वृकतात् (vṛká-tāt, “savagery”). Stress shift onto the zero-grade is consistent with nominalized adjectives: compare Sanskrit कृष्ण (kṛ́ṣṇa, “black antelope”) from कृष्ण (kṛṣṇá, “black”). Alternatively, the word may be a derivative of the verbal root *welh₂- (“to tear up”). In either case, the word's formation closely resembles that of *h₂ŕ̥tḱos (“bear”), another thematic accented zero-grade noun whose referent is an animal subject to cultural taboos.

The Latin and Greek reflexes are unexpected (vs. expected Lat. *vulquus, Gk. *álpos, according to the regular progression PIE *l̥ > Lat. ol (later o changes to u in some places) , Gk. al). The Latin reflex is a borrowing from Osco-Umbrian (where PIE */kʷ/ regularly gave /p/), and both the Italic and Greek reflexes underwent metathesis pointing to an alternative reconstruction *lúkʷos, possibly as a taboo deformation meant to offset the fear usually associated with the animal. A deformation would explain the metathesis of */w/ and */l/, which also occurred in Greek (*wĺ̥kʷos → *lúkʷos → λύκος (lúkos)), and also explains the presence of delabialized /k/ per the boukólos rule (regardless of whether it is Proto-Indo-European already or only Proto-Greek). In both cases, the expected forms are so close to the word for “fox” – compare Latin vulpēs, ἀλώπηξ (alṓpēx) – that avoiding conflation of the two words for “wolf” and “fox” may have motivated either alteration or borrowing.

Most of the Germanic reflexes, with */kʷ/ > */g(ʷ)/ > */b/ > */p/ > /f/, also underwent unusual sound changes, as seen in Old English wylf, Middle High German wülpe < *wulbi < *wulgʷī́ < *wl̥kʷíh₂s. But the velar was retained in at least one form, i. e. Old Norse ylgr (“she-wolf”).

Armenian and Celtic have replaced the word with Proto-Indo-European *waylos (“howler”) due to taboo; compare Old Armenian գայլ (gayl), Middle Irish fáel. In Celtic, *kū (“hound, dog”) is also used to designate the wolf.

Noun

*wĺ̥kʷos m (non-ablauting)

1. wolf

Inflection

Thematic
	singular
nominative	*wĺ̥kʷos
genitive	*wĺ̥kʷosyo
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wĺ̥kʷos	*wĺ̥kʷoh₁	*wĺ̥kʷoes
vocative	*wĺ̥kʷe	*wĺ̥kʷoh₁	*wĺ̥kʷoes
accusative	*wĺ̥kʷom	*wĺ̥kʷoh₁	*wĺ̥kʷoms
genitive	*wĺ̥kʷosyo	*?	*wĺ̥kʷoHom
ablative	*wĺ̥kʷead	*?	*wĺ̥kʷomos, *wĺ̥kʷobʰos
dative	*wĺ̥kʷoey	*?	*wĺ̥kʷomos, *wĺ̥kʷobʰos
locative	*wĺ̥kʷey, *wĺ̥kʷoy	*?	*wĺ̥kʷoysu
instrumental	*wĺ̥kʷoh₁	*?	*wĺ̥kʷōys

Derived terms

• *wl̥kʷíh₂s (“she-wolf”)

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *ulka (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Anatolian:
  • Hittite: 𒉿𒀠𒆪𒉿𒀸 (wa-al-ku-wa-aš)
  • Luwian: 𔑪, 𒌨𒈤 (walwa/i, “lion”) (only attested in personal names)
  • Lydian: 𐤥𐤠𐤩𐤥𐤤 (walwe, “lion”)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wilkás (see there for further descendants)
• >? Proto-Celtic: *ulkos (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *wulfaz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *lúkos (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wŕ̥kas (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *lukʷos (see there for further descendants)
• Paeonian: Λυκκ- (Lukk-), Λυκπ- (Lukp-) (< *lukʷos)
• Proto-Tocharian: *wä́lkʷë
  • Tocharian B: walkwe